Risk factors of coronary heart disease in children and young adults with parental history of premature coronary heart disease
Keywords:
premature coronary heart disease, parental history, risk factors, children, young adults
Abstract
Background Morbidity and mortality of coronary heart disease(CHD) are recently increasing. This is related to changes in lifestyle,
such as lack of activity and high consumption of fatty diet. The
main cause of CHD is atherosclerosis. The development of ath-
erosclerosis takes a long time, is asymptomatic, and might begin
in childhood. The important risk factors that have roles in increas-
ing the likelihood of atherosclerosis are family history of premature
CHD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, smoking and irregu-
lar activity.
Objective The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of
CHD risk factors in children and young adults who had parental
history of premature CHD.
Methods This was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted
on offspring of premature CHD patients who were admitted in the
intensive cardiology care unit (ICCU) of Cipto Mangunkusumo
Hospital between January 1999 to December 2001 and of prema-
ture CHD patients who visited the Cardiology Clinic of the Depart-
ment of Internal Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during
March and April 2002. Subjects were aged 12 to 25 year-old.
Results Among the subjects, 40% had hyperlipidemia, 8% had
hypertension, 11% were obese, 21% were active smokers, 41%
were passive smokers, and 73% had irregular activity. Ninety-seven
percents subjects had more than 1 risk factors.
Conclusions The prevalence of hyperlipidemia, hypertension,
obesity, passive smoker, active smoker and irregular activity in
children and young adults with parental history of premature CHD
in this study were higher than those in the normal population.
Most had more than 1 risk factor, increasing the likelihood of CHD.
A screening test should be performed on children with parental
history of premature CHD so that early preventive measures might
be done to minimize the risk factors
References
1. Celemajer DS, Sorensen KE, Deanfild JE. Atheroscle-
rosis: a disease that begins in childhood. Cardiol Young
1994:224-6.
2. Cotran RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL, Schoen FJ. Patho-
logic basis of disease. 5 th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders,
1994. p. 473-84.
3. Mortality patterns - United States 1997. JAMA 1999;
282:1512-3.
4. Chu NF, Rimm EB, Wang DJ, Liou HS, Shieh SM. Clus-
tering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among obese
school children: The Taipei Children Heart Study. Am
J Clin Nutr 1998; 67:1141-6.
5. Ranuh IGN. Indonesian health profile. Unpub-
lished data.
6. Pelupessy JM. Penyakit jantung koroner. In:
Sastroasmoro S, Madiyono B, editors. Buku ajar
kardiologi anak. 1 th ed. Jakarta: Bina Rupa Aksara;
1994. p. 404-15.
7. Davies MJ, Woolf N. Atherosclerosis: what is it and
why does it occur? Br Heart J 1993; 69 (suppl): S3-
S11.
8. Krovetz LJ, Gessner IH, Schielberg GL. Handbook of
pediatric cardiology. 2 nd ed. Baltimore: University Park
Press; 1979. p. 417-23.
9. PDAY Research Group. Relationship of atherosclero-
sis in young men to serum lipoprotein cholesterol con-
centration and smoking. JAMA 1990:30;18-24.
10. Newburger JW. Dyslipidemia in childhood and adoles-
cence. In: Fyler DC, editor. Nadas Pediatric Cardiol-
ogy. Singapore: Hanley & Belfus; 1992. p. 285-93.
11. Snetselaar L, Lauer RM. Childhood. Diet and the ath-
erosclerosis process. Nutr Today 1992:22-7.
12. Mc Gill HC, Mc Mahan CA, Zieske AW, Tracy RE,
Malcom GT, Herderick EE, et al. Association of coro-
nary heart disease risk factors with microscope quali-
ties of coronary atherosclerosis in youth. Circulation
2000;102:374-9.
13. Strong JP, Oalman MC, Malcolm GT. Atherosclerosis
in youth: relationship of risk factors to arterial lesions.
In: Filer LJ, Lauer RM, Luepker RV, editors. Preven-
tion of atherosclerotic and hypertension begining in
youth. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1994. p. 13-8.
14. Enos WF, Holmes RH, Bayer J. Coronary disease
among United States soldiers killed in action in Ko-
rea: preeliminary report. J Am Med Assoc
1953;152:1090-3.
15. Klag MJ, Ford DE, Mead LA, He J. Serum cholesterol
in young men and subsequent cardiovascular disease.
N Engl J Med 1993;328:313-8.
16. Nora JJ, Lortscher RH, Spangler RD, Nora AH,
Kimberling WJ. Genetic– epidemiologic study of early-
onset ischemic heart disease. Circulation
1980;61:503-8.
17. Davis J. Family history of heart disease: a definition
who should worry? WebMD Corporation 2001.
18. Williams RR, Hopkins PN, Wu LL, Schumacher C,
Hunt SC. In: Pearson TA, Crigui MH, Luepker RV,
editors. Primer in preventive cardiology. American
Heart Association. Texas: Boehringer Ingelheim Phar-
maceuticals Inc; 1994. p. 93-106.
19. Libby P. Atherosclerosis. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E,
Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB. editors. Harrison’s
principles of internal medicine. 14 th ed.USA: Mc Graw
Hill; 1998. p. 1345-52.
20. Schachinger V, Britten MB, Elsner M, Walter DH,
Scharer I, Zeiher AM. A positive history of premature
coronary artery disease is associated with impaired en-
dothelium dependent coronary blood flow regulation.
Circulation 1999;100:1502-8.
21. Family factor predicts heart disease risk. Medical Tri-
bune. Maret 2001.
22. American Academy of Pediatrics. Cholesterol in child-
hood. Pediatrics 1998;101:141-7.
23. Bistritzer T, Rosenzweig L, Barr J, Mayer S, Lahat E,
Faibel H, et al. Lipid profile with paternal history of
coronary heart disease before age 40. Arch Dis Child
1995; 73:62-5.
24. Hammer LD, Kraemer HC, Wilson DM, Ritter PL,
Dornbusch SM. Standardized percentile curves of body-
mass index for children and adolescents. AJDC 1991;
145:259-63.
25. Dietz WH, Bellitzi MC. Introduction: the use of body
mass index to assess obesity in children. AM J Clin
Nutr 1999; 70(suppl):123S-5S.
26. Suyono S. In: Alwi I, Setiati S, Sudoyo AW, Bawazier
LA, Kasjmir YI, et al, editors. Pertemuan ilmiah
tahunan ilmu penyakit dalam. Penatalaksanaan
obesitas secara rasional: farmakologis dan non
farmakologis. Jakarta: Pusat Informasi dan Penerbitan
Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI; 2001.
27. Daniels SR. Hypertension: diagnosis and treatment in
childhood and adolescence. In: Filler LJ, Lauer RM,
Luepker RV, editors. Prevention of atherosclerosis and
hypertension begining in youth. Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger; 1994. p. 234-42.
28. Susalit E. In: Alwi I, Bawazier LA, Kolopaking MS,
Syam AF, Gustaviani R, editors. Simposium
penatalaksanaan kedaruratan di bidang ilmu penyakit
dalam II. Penatalaksanaan krisis hipertensi. Jakarta:
Pusat Informasi dan Penerbitan Bagian Ilmu Penyakit
Dalam FKUI; 2002.
29. Stevens LM,Lynm C,Glass R. Hypertension.JAMA
2002;287:1070.
30. Cigarette smoking among adults. Available from:
URL:http://www upenn.edu.
31. Slama K. In: International union against tuberculosis
and lung disease. Tobacco control and prevention. A
guide for low- income countries. USA; 1998.
32. Howard G, Burke GL, Szklo M, Tell GS, Eckfeldt J,
Evans G, et al. Active and passive smoking are associ-
ated with increased carotid wall thickness. The ath-
erosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Arch
Intern Med 1994;154:1277-82.
33. Passive smoking against health. What is passive smok-
ing?ã copyright.
34. Aditama TY. In: Patarai AAP, editor. Masalah merokok
dan penanggulangannya. Jakarta: Ikatan Dokter In-
donesia; 2001.
35. Heyward VH. In: Advanced fitness assesment exercise
prescription. Designing cardiorespiratory exercise pro-
grams. 3 th ed.USA: Human Kinetics; 1998. p.83-104.
36. Aditama TY. In: Youth & tobacco Indonesian experi-
ence. Indonesian smoking control foundation. Pre-
sented at:WHO SEARO workshop on “youth & to-
baccoâ€; 1999 August 26-27; Mumbai, India.
37. Moskowitz WB, Schwartz PF, Schieken RM. Childhood
passive smoking, race, and coronary artery disease risk.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:446-453.
38. Djer MM. Prevalens obesitas pada anak usia sekolah dasar
di SD Kenari 7 dan 8 Jakarta dan faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi [thesis]. Jakarta: Bagian IKA FKUI 1998.
39. Maynard LM, Wisemandle W, Roche AF. Childhood
body composition in relation to body mass index. Pe-
diatrics 2001;107:344-50.
40. Meilany TA. Profil klinis laboratorium serta sikap dan
perilaku murid sekolah dasar dengan obesitas [thesis].
Jakarta: Bagian IKA FKUI 2002.
41. Ariani A, Lisma E, Lubis IZ, Ramayati R, Rusdidjas.
Blood pressure values of elementary school-age chil-
dren at the highland and seashore areas. Paediatr
Indones 2000;40:24-9.
42. Norwood VF. Hypertension. Pediatrics in review
2002;23:6.
43. Munir M, Darmoprawiro S. Blood lipid of preadoles-
cent boys of well-to-do families. Paediatr Indones
2001;41:19-26.
44. Gerung JILL. Hubungan beberapa faktor risiko
aterosklerosis dengan profil lipid pada anak dalam
konteks kardiologi preventif [thesis]. Menado: Bagian
IKA FK UNSRAT; 2000.
45. Rifai N, Neufeld E, Ahlstrom P, Rimm E, D’Angelo L,
Hicks JM. Failure of current guidelines for cholesterol
screening in urban african-american adolescents. Pe-
diatrics 1996;98:383-8.
46. Dominiczak MH. Hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular
disease. Current opinion in lipiodology 2000;11:91-2.
47. Pitkanen OP, Nuutila P, Raitakari OT, Porkka K, Iida
H, Nuotio I, et al. Coronary flow reserve in young men
with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Circulation
1999;99:1678-84.
48. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP,
Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between mul-
tiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in
children and young adult. N Engl J Med
1998;338:1650-6.
49. Kusmana D. Pengaruh tidak/stop merokok disertai
olahraga teratur, dan/atau pengaruh kerja fisik terhadap
daya survival penduduk di Jakarta:penelitian kohort
selama 13 tahun. Ringkasan disertasi. Jakarta: FKUI;
2002.
50. Hopkins PN, Stephenson S, Wu LL, Riley WA, Xin Y,
Hunt SC. Evaluation of coronary risk factors in pa-
tients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
Am J Cardiol 2001;87:547-53.
rosis: a disease that begins in childhood. Cardiol Young
1994:224-6.
2. Cotran RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL, Schoen FJ. Patho-
logic basis of disease. 5 th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders,
1994. p. 473-84.
3. Mortality patterns - United States 1997. JAMA 1999;
282:1512-3.
4. Chu NF, Rimm EB, Wang DJ, Liou HS, Shieh SM. Clus-
tering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among obese
school children: The Taipei Children Heart Study. Am
J Clin Nutr 1998; 67:1141-6.
5. Ranuh IGN. Indonesian health profile. Unpub-
lished data.
6. Pelupessy JM. Penyakit jantung koroner. In:
Sastroasmoro S, Madiyono B, editors. Buku ajar
kardiologi anak. 1 th ed. Jakarta: Bina Rupa Aksara;
1994. p. 404-15.
7. Davies MJ, Woolf N. Atherosclerosis: what is it and
why does it occur? Br Heart J 1993; 69 (suppl): S3-
S11.
8. Krovetz LJ, Gessner IH, Schielberg GL. Handbook of
pediatric cardiology. 2 nd ed. Baltimore: University Park
Press; 1979. p. 417-23.
9. PDAY Research Group. Relationship of atherosclero-
sis in young men to serum lipoprotein cholesterol con-
centration and smoking. JAMA 1990:30;18-24.
10. Newburger JW. Dyslipidemia in childhood and adoles-
cence. In: Fyler DC, editor. Nadas Pediatric Cardiol-
ogy. Singapore: Hanley & Belfus; 1992. p. 285-93.
11. Snetselaar L, Lauer RM. Childhood. Diet and the ath-
erosclerosis process. Nutr Today 1992:22-7.
12. Mc Gill HC, Mc Mahan CA, Zieske AW, Tracy RE,
Malcom GT, Herderick EE, et al. Association of coro-
nary heart disease risk factors with microscope quali-
ties of coronary atherosclerosis in youth. Circulation
2000;102:374-9.
13. Strong JP, Oalman MC, Malcolm GT. Atherosclerosis
in youth: relationship of risk factors to arterial lesions.
In: Filer LJ, Lauer RM, Luepker RV, editors. Preven-
tion of atherosclerotic and hypertension begining in
youth. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1994. p. 13-8.
14. Enos WF, Holmes RH, Bayer J. Coronary disease
among United States soldiers killed in action in Ko-
rea: preeliminary report. J Am Med Assoc
1953;152:1090-3.
15. Klag MJ, Ford DE, Mead LA, He J. Serum cholesterol
in young men and subsequent cardiovascular disease.
N Engl J Med 1993;328:313-8.
16. Nora JJ, Lortscher RH, Spangler RD, Nora AH,
Kimberling WJ. Genetic– epidemiologic study of early-
onset ischemic heart disease. Circulation
1980;61:503-8.
17. Davis J. Family history of heart disease: a definition
who should worry? WebMD Corporation 2001.
18. Williams RR, Hopkins PN, Wu LL, Schumacher C,
Hunt SC. In: Pearson TA, Crigui MH, Luepker RV,
editors. Primer in preventive cardiology. American
Heart Association. Texas: Boehringer Ingelheim Phar-
maceuticals Inc; 1994. p. 93-106.
19. Libby P. Atherosclerosis. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E,
Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB. editors. Harrison’s
principles of internal medicine. 14 th ed.USA: Mc Graw
Hill; 1998. p. 1345-52.
20. Schachinger V, Britten MB, Elsner M, Walter DH,
Scharer I, Zeiher AM. A positive history of premature
coronary artery disease is associated with impaired en-
dothelium dependent coronary blood flow regulation.
Circulation 1999;100:1502-8.
21. Family factor predicts heart disease risk. Medical Tri-
bune. Maret 2001.
22. American Academy of Pediatrics. Cholesterol in child-
hood. Pediatrics 1998;101:141-7.
23. Bistritzer T, Rosenzweig L, Barr J, Mayer S, Lahat E,
Faibel H, et al. Lipid profile with paternal history of
coronary heart disease before age 40. Arch Dis Child
1995; 73:62-5.
24. Hammer LD, Kraemer HC, Wilson DM, Ritter PL,
Dornbusch SM. Standardized percentile curves of body-
mass index for children and adolescents. AJDC 1991;
145:259-63.
25. Dietz WH, Bellitzi MC. Introduction: the use of body
mass index to assess obesity in children. AM J Clin
Nutr 1999; 70(suppl):123S-5S.
26. Suyono S. In: Alwi I, Setiati S, Sudoyo AW, Bawazier
LA, Kasjmir YI, et al, editors. Pertemuan ilmiah
tahunan ilmu penyakit dalam. Penatalaksanaan
obesitas secara rasional: farmakologis dan non
farmakologis. Jakarta: Pusat Informasi dan Penerbitan
Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI; 2001.
27. Daniels SR. Hypertension: diagnosis and treatment in
childhood and adolescence. In: Filler LJ, Lauer RM,
Luepker RV, editors. Prevention of atherosclerosis and
hypertension begining in youth. Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger; 1994. p. 234-42.
28. Susalit E. In: Alwi I, Bawazier LA, Kolopaking MS,
Syam AF, Gustaviani R, editors. Simposium
penatalaksanaan kedaruratan di bidang ilmu penyakit
dalam II. Penatalaksanaan krisis hipertensi. Jakarta:
Pusat Informasi dan Penerbitan Bagian Ilmu Penyakit
Dalam FKUI; 2002.
29. Stevens LM,Lynm C,Glass R. Hypertension.JAMA
2002;287:1070.
30. Cigarette smoking among adults. Available from:
URL:http://www upenn.edu.
31. Slama K. In: International union against tuberculosis
and lung disease. Tobacco control and prevention. A
guide for low- income countries. USA; 1998.
32. Howard G, Burke GL, Szklo M, Tell GS, Eckfeldt J,
Evans G, et al. Active and passive smoking are associ-
ated with increased carotid wall thickness. The ath-
erosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Arch
Intern Med 1994;154:1277-82.
33. Passive smoking against health. What is passive smok-
ing?
34. Aditama TY. In: Patarai AAP, editor. Masalah merokok
dan penanggulangannya. Jakarta: Ikatan Dokter In-
donesia; 2001.
35. Heyward VH. In: Advanced fitness assesment exercise
prescription. Designing cardiorespiratory exercise pro-
grams. 3 th ed.USA: Human Kinetics; 1998. p.83-104.
36. Aditama TY. In: Youth & tobacco Indonesian experi-
ence. Indonesian smoking control foundation. Pre-
sented at:WHO SEARO workshop on “youth & to-
baccoâ€; 1999 August 26-27; Mumbai, India.
37. Moskowitz WB, Schwartz PF, Schieken RM. Childhood
passive smoking, race, and coronary artery disease risk.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:446-453.
38. Djer MM. Prevalens obesitas pada anak usia sekolah dasar
di SD Kenari 7 dan 8 Jakarta dan faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi [thesis]. Jakarta: Bagian IKA FKUI 1998.
39. Maynard LM, Wisemandle W, Roche AF. Childhood
body composition in relation to body mass index. Pe-
diatrics 2001;107:344-50.
40. Meilany TA. Profil klinis laboratorium serta sikap dan
perilaku murid sekolah dasar dengan obesitas [thesis].
Jakarta: Bagian IKA FKUI 2002.
41. Ariani A, Lisma E, Lubis IZ, Ramayati R, Rusdidjas.
Blood pressure values of elementary school-age chil-
dren at the highland and seashore areas. Paediatr
Indones 2000;40:24-9.
42. Norwood VF. Hypertension. Pediatrics in review
2002;23:6.
43. Munir M, Darmoprawiro S. Blood lipid of preadoles-
cent boys of well-to-do families. Paediatr Indones
2001;41:19-26.
44. Gerung JILL. Hubungan beberapa faktor risiko
aterosklerosis dengan profil lipid pada anak dalam
konteks kardiologi preventif [thesis]. Menado: Bagian
IKA FK UNSRAT; 2000.
45. Rifai N, Neufeld E, Ahlstrom P, Rimm E, D’Angelo L,
Hicks JM. Failure of current guidelines for cholesterol
screening in urban african-american adolescents. Pe-
diatrics 1996;98:383-8.
46. Dominiczak MH. Hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular
disease. Current opinion in lipiodology 2000;11:91-2.
47. Pitkanen OP, Nuutila P, Raitakari OT, Porkka K, Iida
H, Nuotio I, et al. Coronary flow reserve in young men
with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Circulation
1999;99:1678-84.
48. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP,
Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between mul-
tiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in
children and young adult. N Engl J Med
1998;338:1650-6.
49. Kusmana D. Pengaruh tidak/stop merokok disertai
olahraga teratur, dan/atau pengaruh kerja fisik terhadap
daya survival penduduk di Jakarta:penelitian kohort
selama 13 tahun. Ringkasan disertasi. Jakarta: FKUI;
2002.
50. Hopkins PN, Stephenson S, Wu LL, Riley WA, Xin Y,
Hunt SC. Evaluation of coronary risk factors in pa-
tients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
Am J Cardiol 2001;87:547-53.
Published
2016-10-10
How to Cite
1.
Andriastuti M, Sastroasmoro S, Firmansyah A. Risk factors of coronary heart disease in children and young adults with parental history of premature coronary heart disease. PI [Internet]. 10Oct.2016 [cited 22Nov.2024];43(2):51-. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/659
Section
Articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Received 2016-09-22
Accepted 2016-09-22
Published 2016-10-10
Accepted 2016-09-22
Published 2016-10-10
