Correlation of renal volume to renal function and blood pressures in low birth weight children
Abstract
Background Disruption of nephrogenesis in low birth weight(LBW) infant leads to decreases in nephron number and
renal volume, resulting in renal hyperfunction and eventually,
hypertension.
Objective To assess for a possible correlation of renal volume to
renal function and blood pressures in low birth weight children
aged 7 -8 years.
Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study on children
aged 7-8 years in Manado, who were born LBW or n ormal
birth weight (NBW). Renal function was assessed by measuring
blood cyctatin-C level while renal volume was determined using
ultrasound measurements of renal length x width x thickness
(cm3). Ttest was used to compare renal volume and cystatin-C
levels in LBW children to NBW children. Pearson's correlation
test was used to assess the relationship of renal volume to renal
function and blood pressure in low birth weight children.
Results Subjects were 48 LBW and 48 NBW children. Mean
renal volumes were 7 8.28 (SD 7 .96) cm3 in the LBW group and
103.68 (SD 12.52) cm3 in the NBW group (P< 0.01). The mean
cystatin-C levels, as a measure of renal function, were 0.81 (SD
0.07) mg/Lin the LBW group and in 0.73 (SD 0.06) mg/Lin
the NBW group (P< 0.01). There was no correlation between
renal volume and cystatin-C level (r=-0.169; P>0,05) as well
as between renal volume and systolic (r=-0.07, P>0.05) and
dias tolic blood pressure (r=-0.123, P>0.05).
Conclusion Mean renal volume is lower in the LBW group
than in the NBW group, but is not correlated to decreased renal
function or blood pressures.
References
Barker DJ. The developmental origins of adult disease. J Am Coll Nutt. 2004;23:588-95.
Hughson M, Farris AB, Douglas-Denton R, Hoy WE, Bertram JF. Glomerular number and size in autopsy kidneys: the relationship to birth weight. Kidney Int. 2003;63:2113-22.
Barker DJ. Birth weight and hypertension. Hypertension. 2006;48:357-8.
Brenner BM, MacKenzie HS. Nephron mass as a risk factor for progression of renal disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 1997;63:124-7.
Keller G, Zimmer G, Mall G, Ritz E, Amann K. Nephron number in patients with primary hypertension. N EnglJ Med. 2003;348:101-8.
Schreuder M, Delemarre-van de Waal H, van Wijk A. Consequences of intrauterine growth restriction for the kidney. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2006;29:108-25.
Rostand SG. Oligon ephronia, primary hypertension and renal disease: 'is the child father to the man?'. Nephrol Dial Transplat. 2003;18:1434-8.
Rakow A, Johanssen S, Legnevall L, Sevastik R, Celsi G, Norman M, et al. Renal volume and function in school-age children born preterm or small for gestational age. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:1309-15.
Coll E, Batey A, Alvarez L, Poch E, Quinto L, Saurina A, et al. Serum cys tatin C as a new marker for noninvasive estimation of glomerular filtration rate and as a marker for early renal impairment. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:29-34.
Dharnidharka VR, Kwon C, Stevens G. Serum cystatin C is superior to serum creatinine as a marker of kidney function: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40:221-6.
Sarkar PD, Rajeshwari G, Shivaprakash TM. Cystatin C- a novel marker of glomerular filtration rate: a review. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2005;20:139-44.
Randers E, KristensenJH, Erlandsen EJ, Danielsen H. Serum cystatin C as a marker of the renal function. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1998;5:558-92.
Armangil D, Yurdakok M, Canpolat FE, Korkmaz A, Yigit S, Tekinalp G. Determination ofreference values for plasma cystatin C and comparison with creatinine in premature infants. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:2081-3.
Hoy WE, Douglas-Denton RN, Hughson MD, Cass A, Johnson K, Bertram JF. A stereological study of glomerular number and volume: preliminary findings in a multiracial study of kidneys at autopsy. Kidney Int. 2003;83:31-7.
Singh GR, Hoy WE. Kidney volume, blood pressure and albuminuria: findings in an Australian aboriginal community. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:254-9.
Lane P, Belsha C, Plummer J, Steinhardt GF, Lynch RE, Wood EG. Relationship of renal size, body size and blood pressure in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 1998;12:35-9.
Kwinta P, Klimek 1.1, Drozdz D, Grudzien A, Jagla M, Zasada M, et al. Assessment oflong-term complications in extremely low birth weight children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26:1095-103.
Stevens LA, CoreshJ, Greene T, Levey AS. Assessing kidney function-measured and es timated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2473-83 .
Franco MC, Nishida SK, Sesso R. GFR estimated from cystatin C versus creatinine in children born for small for gestational age. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:925-32.
HarmoinenA, Ylinen E, Ala-Houhala M, Janas M, Kaila M, Kouri T. Reference intervals for cystatin C in pre and fullterm infants and children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;15:105-8.
Newman DJ. Cystatin C. Ann Clin Biochem. 2002;39:89-104.
Woods LL. Fetal origins of adult hypertension: a renal mechanism?. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2000;9:419-25.
Zhang J, Brenner RA, Klebanoff MA. Differences in birth weight and blood pressure at age 7 years among twins. AmJ Epidemiol. 2001;153:779-82.
Zaffanello M, Brugnara M, Bruno C, Franchi B, Talamini G, Guidi G, et al. Renal function and volume of infants born with very low birth weight: a preliminary cross-sectional study. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99:1192-8.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Accepted 2016-08-17
Published 2014-04-30
