Child immune response and the role of nutrition
Keywords:
Child, immune response, nutrition
Abstract
The immune function is designed to defendthe body in a safe and efficient way against
a variety of dangerous materials including
toxins and infectious organisms. Mechanical and
biological barriers prevent the penetration of
exogenous material into the body. Only after these
barriers have been breached and cells have been
directly attacked does the immune system come into
play. By a variety of mechanisms, certain immune
cells can directly phagocytose and destroy many
pathogens. They require the close cooperation of
somatic cells, which both alert the immune system
through alarm signals and later participate in the
effector phase. This first alarm signal can be grouped
together as “stress signalsâ€, known as the innate
immune response.
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cell response to pneumococcal polysaccharides in adults
and neonates. Scand J Immunol 1987;25:447–52.
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the thymus in humans and other vertebrates (especially
mammals) under physiological and pathological condi-
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lymphocytes following allogeneic stimulation. Cell
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30. Kelemen E, Calvo W. Prenatal hematopoiesis in the hu-
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row: Anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology. Boca
Raton, CRC Press; 1982. p. 3.
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circulating hemopoietic progenitor cells in human fetal
blood. Blood 1982;59:976.
32. Marodi L, Csorba S, Nagy B. Chemotactic and random
movement of human newborn monocytes. Eur J Pediatr
1980;135:73.
33. Klein RB, Fischer TJ, Gard SE, Biberstein M, Rich KC,
Stiehm ER, et al. Decreased mononuclear and polymor-
phonuclear chemotaxis in human newborns, infants, and
young children. Pediatrics 1977;60:467.
34. Foster CA, Holbrook KA, Farr AG. Ontogeny of Langer-
hans cells in human embryonic and fetal skin: Expres-
sion of HLA-DR and OKT-6 determinants. J Invest
Dermatol 1986;86:240.
35. Schibler KR. Leukocyte development and disorders in
the neonatal period. In: Turgeon ML, editor. Hemato-
logic problems of the newborn. 2nd edition. Boston: Little
Brown; 1993. p. 345-50.
36. Woodward B. Protein, calories, and immune defense.
Nutr Rev 1998;56:S84-S92.
37. Sauerwein RW, Mulder JA, Mulder R, Lowe B, Peshu N,
Demacker PN, et al. Inflammatory mediators in children
with protein-energy malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr
1997;65:1534-9
38. Keusch GT. The History of Nutrition: Malnutrition, in-
fection and immunity. J Nutr 2003;133:S336-40
39. Nikawa T, Odahara K, Koizumi H, Kido Y, Yeshima S,
Rokutan K, et al. Vitamin A prevents the decline in im-
munoglobulin A and Th2 cytokine levels in small intes-
tinal mucosa of protein-malnourished mice. J Nutr
1999;129:934–41.
40. Chung-Yung Lee J, Fan Wan F. Vitamin E supplementa-
tion improves cell-mediated immunity and oxidative stress
of Asian men and women. J Nutr 2000;130:2932-7.
41. Fraker PJ, King LE, Laakko T, Vollmer TL. The dynamic
link between the integrity of the immune system and
zinc status. J Nutr 2000;130:S1399.
42. Oppenheimer SJ. Iron and its relation to immunity and
infectious disease. J Nutr 2001;131:S616–35.
43. Manuel A, de Pablo MA, Puertollano MA, de Cienfuegos
GAI. Biological and clinical significance of lipids as modu-
lators of immune system functions. Clin Diagn Lab
Immunol 2002; 9:945-50.
Walport M, Shlomchik MJ, editors. Immunobiology: The
immune system in health and diseases. 5th ed. New York:
Garland Publishing; 2001. p. 35-91
2. Delves PJ, Roitt IM. The immune system (I). N Engl J
Med 2000;343:37-49.
3. Delves PJ, Roitt IM. The immune system (II). N Engl J
Med 2000;343:108-17.
4. Medzhitov R, Janeway C. Innate immunity. N Engl J
Med 2000;343:338-44.
5. Buckley RH. T, B and NK-Cell System. In: Behrman
RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, editors. Nelson’s textbook
of pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2004.
p. 683-700
6. Ezekowitz A. Adaptive Immunity to Infection. In:
Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ, edi-
tors. Immunobiology: The immune system in health and
disease. 5th ed. New York: Garland Publishing; 2001. p.
381-402
7. Fadel S, Sarazotti M. Cellular immune responses in neo-
nates. Int Rev Immunol. 2000;19:173.
8. Goldblatt D. Immunization and the maturation of infant
immune responses. Dev Biol Stand 1998;95:125-32.
9. Siegrist CA, Cordova M, Brandt C, Barrios C, Berrey M,
Tougne C, et al. Determinants of infant’s responses to
vaccines in the presence of maternal antibodies. Vaccine
1998;6:1409–14
10. Mackie RI, Sghir A, Gaskins H. Developmental micro-
bial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Am J
Clin Nutr 1999;69(suppl):1035S–1045S
11. Siegrist CA. Neonatal and early life vaccinology. Vac-
cine 2001;19:3331–46.
12. Mellander L, Carlsson B, Jalil F, Soderstrom T, Hanson
LA. Secretory IgA antibody response against Escherichia
coli antigens in infants in relation to exposure. J Pediatr
1985;107:430–3.
13. Rijkers GT, Dollekamp EG, Zegers BJM. The in vitro B-
cell response to pneumococcal polysaccharides in adults
and neonates. Scand J Immunol 1987;25:447–52.
14. Bodey B, Kaiser HE. Development of Hassall’s bodies of
the thymus in humans and other vertebrates (especially
mammals) under physiological and pathological condi-
tions: Immunocytochemical, electron microscopic and
in vitro observations. In Vivo 1997;11:61.
15. Mathieson BJ, Fowlkes BJ. Cell surface antigen expression
on thymocytes: Development and phenotypic differen-
tiation of intrathymic subsets. Immunol Rev 1984;82:141.
16. Viret C, Janeway CA. MHC and T cell development.
Rev Immunogenet 1999;1:91.
17. Splawski JB, Jelinek DF, Lipsky PE. Delineation of the
functional capacity of human neonatal lymphocytes. J
Clin Invest 1991;87:545.
18. Risdon G, Gaddy J, Stehman FB, Broxmeyer HE. Prolif-
erative and cytotoxic responses of human cord blood T
lymphocytes following allogeneic stimulation. Cell
Immunol 1994;154:14.
19. Gathings WE, Lawton AR, Cooper MD. Immunofluores-
cent studies of the development of pre-B cells, B-lym-
phocytes and immunoglobulin isotype diversity in hu-
mans. Eur J Immunol 1977;7:804.
20. Bofill M, Janossy G, Janossa M, Burford GD, Seymour GJ.
Human B cells development. II. Subpopulations in the
human fetus. J Immunol 1985;134:1531.
21. Holt PG, Jones CA. The development of the immune
system during pregnancy and early life. Allergy
2000;55:688.
22. Dancis J, Osborn JJ, Kunz HW. Studies of immunology of
the newborn infant, IV: Antibody formation in the pre-
mature infant. Pediatrics 1953;12:151.
23. Lewis DB. Cellular immunity of the human fetus and
neonate. Immunol and Allergy Clin North Amer
1998;18:291.
24. Phillips JH, Hori T, Nagler A, Bhat N, Spits H, Lanier LL.
Ontogeny of human natural killer (NK) cells: Fetal NK
cells mediate cytolytic function and express cytoplasmic
CD3 epsilon, delta proteins. J Exp Med 1992;175:1055.
25. Jordan HE. The histology of the yolk sac of a 9.2 mm
human embryo. Anat Anz 1907;31:291.
26. Takashima T. Haemopoiesis in the human yolk sac. J
Anat 1987;151:125.
27. Shepard JL, Zon LI. Developmental derivation of embry-
onic and adult macrophages. Curr Opin Hematol
2000;7:3.
28. Kelemen E, Janossa M. Macrophages are the first differ-
entiated blood cells formed in human embryonic liver.
Exp Hematol 1980;8:996.
29. Kelemen E, Janossa M. Macrophages are the first differ-
entiated blood cells formed in human embryonic liver.
Exp Hematol 1980;8:996.
30. Kelemen E, Calvo W. Prenatal hematopoiesis in the hu-
man bone marrow and its developmental antecedents.
In: Trubowitz S, Davis S, editors. The human bone mar-
row: Anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology. Boca
Raton, CRC Press; 1982. p. 3.
31. Linch DC, Knott LJ, Rodeck CH, Huehns ER. Studies of
circulating hemopoietic progenitor cells in human fetal
blood. Blood 1982;59:976.
32. Marodi L, Csorba S, Nagy B. Chemotactic and random
movement of human newborn monocytes. Eur J Pediatr
1980;135:73.
33. Klein RB, Fischer TJ, Gard SE, Biberstein M, Rich KC,
Stiehm ER, et al. Decreased mononuclear and polymor-
phonuclear chemotaxis in human newborns, infants, and
young children. Pediatrics 1977;60:467.
34. Foster CA, Holbrook KA, Farr AG. Ontogeny of Langer-
hans cells in human embryonic and fetal skin: Expres-
sion of HLA-DR and OKT-6 determinants. J Invest
Dermatol 1986;86:240.
35. Schibler KR. Leukocyte development and disorders in
the neonatal period. In: Turgeon ML, editor. Hemato-
logic problems of the newborn. 2nd edition. Boston: Little
Brown; 1993. p. 345-50.
36. Woodward B. Protein, calories, and immune defense.
Nutr Rev 1998;56:S84-S92.
37. Sauerwein RW, Mulder JA, Mulder R, Lowe B, Peshu N,
Demacker PN, et al. Inflammatory mediators in children
with protein-energy malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr
1997;65:1534-9
38. Keusch GT. The History of Nutrition: Malnutrition, in-
fection and immunity. J Nutr 2003;133:S336-40
39. Nikawa T, Odahara K, Koizumi H, Kido Y, Yeshima S,
Rokutan K, et al. Vitamin A prevents the decline in im-
munoglobulin A and Th2 cytokine levels in small intes-
tinal mucosa of protein-malnourished mice. J Nutr
1999;129:934–41.
40. Chung-Yung Lee J, Fan Wan F. Vitamin E supplementa-
tion improves cell-mediated immunity and oxidative stress
of Asian men and women. J Nutr 2000;130:2932-7.
41. Fraker PJ, King LE, Laakko T, Vollmer TL. The dynamic
link between the integrity of the immune system and
zinc status. J Nutr 2000;130:S1399.
42. Oppenheimer SJ. Iron and its relation to immunity and
infectious disease. J Nutr 2001;131:S616–35.
43. Manuel A, de Pablo MA, Puertollano MA, de Cienfuegos
GAI. Biological and clinical significance of lipids as modu-
lators of immune system functions. Clin Diagn Lab
Immunol 2002; 9:945-50.
Published
2016-10-13
How to Cite
1.
Harsono A. Child immune response and the role of nutrition. PI [Internet]. 13Oct.2016 [cited 13Nov.2024];45(5):187-7. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/834
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Received 2016-10-08
Accepted 2016-10-08
Published 2016-10-13
Accepted 2016-10-08
Published 2016-10-13
