Practices of growth assessment in children: Is anthropometric measurement important?
Keywords:
Practices of growth assessment, children, anthropometric measurement
Abstract
Assessing and monitoring growth iscommon practice in pediatric care, and
health professionals accept routine growth
monitoring in children as a standard
component of community child health services
throughout the world. In clinical level, by these
activities one can detect and intervene while growth
faltering happens. The internationally recommended
way to assess malnutrition at population level is to take
anthropometric measurements. In developed
countries, growth monitoring is an intrinsic part of
‘well child’ clinics. As growth is a proxy for child
health, the child who grows well is generally healthy
and illness in a child is usually associated with poor
growth. Interpretation of child growth is based on
anthropometric indicators established in a reference
population with cut-off points to differentiate under-
and overnutrition, short stature or tall stature,
proportionate or disproportionate growth. Practices
of growth monitoring consist of regularly measuring
the weight and height of children, then plotting the
information on a growth chart to make abnormal
growth visible. When growth is abnormal, the health
worker does something in concert with the family and
as a result of these actions the child receives
appropriate social or medical support, his or her
nutrition improves, or a serious condition is diagnosed
earlier.
References
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Multicentre Growth Reference Study: strategy for de-
veloping a new international growth reference. Forum
Nutr 2003; 56:238-40.
2. Garner P, Panpanich R, Logan S. Is routine growth
monitoring effective? A systematic review of trials.
Arch Dis Child 2000; 82:197-201.
3. Gerver WJ, Drayer NM, Schaafsma W. Reference val-
ues of anthropometric measurements in Dutch chil-
dren. The Oosterwolde Study. Acta Paediatr Scand
1989; 78:307-13.
4. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM,
Flegal KM, Guo SS, Wei R et al. CDC growth charts:
United States. Adv Data 2000;1-27.
5. Wright CM, Booth IW, Buckler JM, Cameron N, Cole
TJ, Healy MJ et al. Growth reference charts for use in
the United Kingdom. Arch Dis Child 2002; 86:11-4.
6. de Onis M, Habicht JP. Anthropometric reference data
for international use: recommendations from a World
Health Organization Expert Committee. Am J Clin
Nutr 1996; 64:650-8.
7. Ogden CL, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Mei Z, Guo S,
Wei R et al. Centers for Disease Control and Preven-
tion 2000 growth charts for the United States: improve-
ments to the 1977 National Center for Health Statis-
tics version. Pediatrics 2002; 109:45-60.
8. Batubara JRL, Gerver WJ, van der Waal HD. Growth
charts of Indonesian children [unpublished data]. 2005.
9. de Onis M, Wijnhoven TM, Onyango AW. Worldwide
practices in child growth monitoring. J Pediatr 2004;
144:461-5.
10. Waterlow JC, Buzina R, Keller W, Lane JM, Nichaman
MZ, Tanner JM. The presentation and use of height
and weight data for comparing the nutritional status
of groups of children under the age of 10 years. Bull
World Health Organ 1977; 55:489-98.
11. World Health Organization. A growth chart for inter-
national use in maternal and child health care: guide-
lines for primary health care personnel. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 1978. p. 36.
12. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Estab-
lishing a standard definition for child overweight and
obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 2000;
320:1240-3.
13. de Onis M. The use of anthropometry in the preven-
tion of childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Obes
Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28 Suppl 3:S81-S85.
14. Gerver WJM, de Bruin R. Pediatric Morphometrics : A
Reference Manual. Maastricht: Universitaire Pers; 2001.
15. Cole TJ. Assessment of growth. Best Pract Res Clin
Endocrinol Metab 2002; 16:383-98.
16. Cole TJ. Conditional reference charts to assess weight
gain in British infants. Arch Dis Child 1995; 73:8-16.
17. Karlberg J. A biologically-oriented mathematical model
(ICP) for human growth. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl
1989; 350:70-94.
18. Cole TJ. Do growth chart centiles need a face lift? BMJ
1994; 308:641-2.
19. de Onis M, Blossner M. Prevalence and trends of over-
weight among preschool children in developing coun-
tries. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:1032-9.
20. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD,
Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and
obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults,
1999-2002. JAMA 2004; 291:2847-50.
21. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA,
Marks JS, Koplan JP. The continuing epidemic of obe-
sity in the United States. JAMA 2000; 284:1650-1.
22. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. Epidemiologic
trends in overweight and obesity. Endocrinol Metab
Clin North Am 2003; 32:741-60, vii.
23. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and
managing global epidemic. Geneva: World Health
Programme of Nutrition; 1998.
24. Cole TJ, Roede MJ. Centiles of body mass index for
Dutch children aged 0-20 years in 1980—a baseline
to assess recent trends in obesity. Ann Hum Biol 1999;
26:303-8.
25. Leung SS, Cole TJ, Tse LY, Lau JT. Body mass index
reference curves for Chinese children. Ann Hum Biol
1998; 25:169-74.
26. Ogden CL, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. Mean
body weight, height, and body mass index, United
States 1960-2002. Adv Data 2004;1-17.
27. Rolland-Cachera MF, Cole TJ, Sempe M, Tichet J,
Rossignol C, Charraud A. Body Mass Index variations:
centiles from birth to 87 years. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991;
45:13-21.
28. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Wattigney WA, Harsha
DW. Obesity and cardiovascular risk in children. Ann
N Y Acad Sci 1993; 699:93-103.
29. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR. Emergence of obesity and
cardiovascular risk for coronary artery disease: the
Bogalusa Heart Study. Prev Cardiol 2001; 4:116-21.
30. Caprio S. Insulin resistance in childhood obesity. J
Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002; 15 Suppl 1:487-92.
31. Freedman DS, Srinivasan SR, Burke GL, Shear CL, Smoak
CG, Harsha DW et al. Relation of body fat distribution to
hyperinsulinemia in children and adolescents: the Bogalusa
Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46:403-10.
32. Must A. Does overweight in childhood have an im-
pact on adult health? Nutr Rev 2003; 61:139-42.
33. Himes JH, Dietz WH. Guidelines for overweight in
adolescent preventive services: recommendations from
an expert committee. The Expert Committee on Clini-
cal Guidelines for Overweight in Adolescent Preven-
tive Services. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59:307-16.
34. Yun DJ, Yun DK, Chang YY, Lim SW, Lee MK, Kim
SY. Correlations among height, leg length and arm span
in growing Korean children. Ann Hum Biol 1995;
22:443-58.
35. Cheng JC, Leung SS, Lau J. Anthropometric measure-
ments and body proportions among Chinese children.
Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996;22-30.
36. Dangour AD, Schilg S, Hulse JA, Cole TJ. Sitting
height and subischial leg length centile curves for boys
and girls from Southeast England. Ann Hum Biol 2002;
29:290-305.
37. Gerver WJ, De Bruin R. Relationship between height,
sitting height and subischial leg length in Dutch chil-
dren: presentation of normal values. Acta Paediatr
1995; 84:532-5.
38. Fredriks AM, van Buuren S, van Heel W, Dijkman-
Neerincx G, Verloove-Vanhorick P, Wit JM. Nation-
wide age references for sitting height, leg length and
sitting height/height ratio and their diagnostic value
for disproportionate growth disorders. Arch Dis Child
2005. Epub 2005 Apr 2005.
39. Cole TJ. The secular trend in human physical growth:
a biological view. Econ Hum Biol 2003; 1:161-8.
40. Gerver WJ, de Bruin R, Drayer NM. A persisting secu-
lar trend for body measurements in Dutch children. The
Oosterwolde II Study. Acta Paediatr 1994;83:812-4.
41. Maffeis C, Pietrobelli A, Grezzani A, Provera S, Tato
L. Waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors
in prepubertal children. Obes Res 2001; 9:179-87.
42. Goran MI, Gower BA. Abdominal obesity and cardiovas-
cular risk in children. Coron Artery Dis 1998; 9:483-7.
43. Despres JP, Lemieux S, Lamarche B, Prud’homme D,
Moorjani S, Brun LD et al. The insulin resistance-
dyslipidemic syndrome: contribution of visceral obe-
sity and therapeutic implications. Int J Obes Relat
Metab Disord 1995; 19 Suppl 1:S76-S86.
44. Seidell JC, Bouchard C. Visceral fat in relation to health:
is it a major culprit or simply an innocent bystander? Int
J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21:626-31.
45. Fernandez JR, Redden DT, Pietrobelli A, Allison DB.
Waist circumference percentiles in nationally repre-
sentative samples of African-American, European-
American, and Mexican-American children and ado-
lescents. J Pediatr 2004; 145:439-44.
46. Katzmarzyk PT. Waist circumference percentiles for
Canadian youth 11-18 y of age. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;
58:1011-5.
47. Zannolli R, Morgese G. Waist percentiles: a simple test
for atherogenic disease? Acta Paediatr 1996; 85:1368-9.
48. McCarthy HD, Jarrett KV, Crawley HF. The develop-
ment of waist circumference percentiles in British chil-
dren aged 5.0-16.9 y. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55:902-7.
49. Moreno LA, Fleta J, Mur L, Rodriquez G, Sarria A,
Bueno M. Waist circumference values in Spanish chil-
dren—gender related differences. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;
53:429-33.
50. Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn LM, de Onis M, Yip R. The
development of a MUAC-for-height reference, includ-
ing a comparison to other nutritional status screening
indicators. Bull World Health Organ 1997; 75:333-41.
51. Heitmann BL, Frederiksen P, Lissner L. Hip circumfer-
ence and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in men
and women. Obes Res 2004; 12:482-7.
52. Seidell JC, Perusse L, Despres JP, Bouchard C. Waist
and hip circumferences have independent and opposite
effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Que-
bec Family Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74:315-21.
53. Must A, Dallal GE, Dietz WH. Reference data for obe-
sity: 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index (wt/
ht2) and triceps skinfold thickness. Am J Clin Nutr
1991; 53:839-46.
54. Malina RM, Katzmarzyk PT. Validity of the body mass
index as an indicator of the risk and presence of over-
weight in adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;
70(suppl):131S-6S.
55. Cole TJ, Flegal K, Dietz WH. Detecting obesity based on
skinfold thicknesses. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:196-7.
56. Helm P, Helm S. Uncertainties in designation of age at
menarche in the 19th century, revise mean for Den-
mark 1835. Ann Hum Biol 1987; 14:371-4.
57. Helm P, Grolund L. A halt in a secular trend towards
earlier menarche in Denmark. Acta Paediatr Suppl
1998; 77:198-200.
58. Liestol K, Rosenberg M. Height , weight and menar-
cheal age of schoolgirls in Oslo - an update. Ann Hum
Biol 2005; 22:199-205.
59. Cole TJ. The use and construction of anthropometric
growth reference standards. Nutr Research Review
1993; 6:19-50.
60. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, Grummer-Strawn
LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z et al. 2000 CDC Growth Charts
for the United States: methods and development. Vi-
tal Health Stat 11 2002;1-190.
61. Chinn S, Cole TJ, Preece MA, Rona RJ. Growth charts
for ethnic populations in UK. Lancet 1996; 347:839-40.
62. Kuh DL, Power C, Rodgers B. Secular trends in social
class and sex differences in adult height. Int J Epidemiol
1991; 20:1001-9.
63. Meyer HE, Selmer R. Income, educational level and
body height. Ann Hum Biol 1999; 26:219-27.
64. Chinn S, Rona RJ, Price CE. The secular trend in height
of primary school children in England and Scotland
1972-79 and 1979-86. Ann Hum Biol 1989; 16:387-95.
65. Weber G, Seidler H, Wilfing H, Hauser G. Secular
change in height in Austria: an effect of population
stratification? Ann Hum Biol 1995; 22:277-88.
66. Freeman JV, Cole TJ, Chinn S, Jones PRM, White EM,
Preece MA. Cross sectional stature and weight refer-
ence curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child 1995;
73:17-24.
67. Tanner JM, Hayashi T, Preece MA, Cameron N. In-
crease in length of leg relative to trunk in Japanese
children and adults from 1957 to 1977; comparison
with British and with Japanese Americans. Ann Hum
Biol 1982; 9:411-23.
68. Thomson AM, Duncan DL. The diagnosis of malnu-
trition in man. Nutr Abstract Review 1954; 24:11-8.
69. Schmidt IM, Jorgensen MH, Michaelsen KF. Height
of conscripts in Europe: is postneonatal mortality a
predictor? Ann Hum Biol 1995; 22:57-67.
70. Hauspie RC, Vercauteren M, Susanne C. Secular
changes in growth and maturation: an update. Acta
Paediatr Suppl 1997; 423:20-7.
71. Fredriks AM, van Buuren S, Burgmeijer RJ,
Meulmeester JF, Beuker RJ, Brugman E et al. Continu-
ing positive secular growth change in The Netherlands
1955-1997. Pediatr Res 2000; 47:316-23.
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59:317-24.
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from infancy through adolescence. Ann Hum Biol
1995; 22:217-33.
Multicentre Growth Reference Study: strategy for de-
veloping a new international growth reference. Forum
Nutr 2003; 56:238-40.
2. Garner P, Panpanich R, Logan S. Is routine growth
monitoring effective? A systematic review of trials.
Arch Dis Child 2000; 82:197-201.
3. Gerver WJ, Drayer NM, Schaafsma W. Reference val-
ues of anthropometric measurements in Dutch chil-
dren. The Oosterwolde Study. Acta Paediatr Scand
1989; 78:307-13.
4. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM,
Flegal KM, Guo SS, Wei R et al. CDC growth charts:
United States. Adv Data 2000;1-27.
5. Wright CM, Booth IW, Buckler JM, Cameron N, Cole
TJ, Healy MJ et al. Growth reference charts for use in
the United Kingdom. Arch Dis Child 2002; 86:11-4.
6. de Onis M, Habicht JP. Anthropometric reference data
for international use: recommendations from a World
Health Organization Expert Committee. Am J Clin
Nutr 1996; 64:650-8.
7. Ogden CL, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Mei Z, Guo S,
Wei R et al. Centers for Disease Control and Preven-
tion 2000 growth charts for the United States: improve-
ments to the 1977 National Center for Health Statis-
tics version. Pediatrics 2002; 109:45-60.
8. Batubara JRL, Gerver WJ, van der Waal HD. Growth
charts of Indonesian children [unpublished data]. 2005.
9. de Onis M, Wijnhoven TM, Onyango AW. Worldwide
practices in child growth monitoring. J Pediatr 2004;
144:461-5.
10. Waterlow JC, Buzina R, Keller W, Lane JM, Nichaman
MZ, Tanner JM. The presentation and use of height
and weight data for comparing the nutritional status
of groups of children under the age of 10 years. Bull
World Health Organ 1977; 55:489-98.
11. World Health Organization. A growth chart for inter-
national use in maternal and child health care: guide-
lines for primary health care personnel. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 1978. p. 36.
12. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Estab-
lishing a standard definition for child overweight and
obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 2000;
320:1240-3.
13. de Onis M. The use of anthropometry in the preven-
tion of childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Obes
Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28 Suppl 3:S81-S85.
14. Gerver WJM, de Bruin R. Pediatric Morphometrics : A
Reference Manual. Maastricht: Universitaire Pers; 2001.
15. Cole TJ. Assessment of growth. Best Pract Res Clin
Endocrinol Metab 2002; 16:383-98.
16. Cole TJ. Conditional reference charts to assess weight
gain in British infants. Arch Dis Child 1995; 73:8-16.
17. Karlberg J. A biologically-oriented mathematical model
(ICP) for human growth. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl
1989; 350:70-94.
18. Cole TJ. Do growth chart centiles need a face lift? BMJ
1994; 308:641-2.
19. de Onis M, Blossner M. Prevalence and trends of over-
weight among preschool children in developing coun-
tries. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:1032-9.
20. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD,
Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and
obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults,
1999-2002. JAMA 2004; 291:2847-50.
21. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA,
Marks JS, Koplan JP. The continuing epidemic of obe-
sity in the United States. JAMA 2000; 284:1650-1.
22. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. Epidemiologic
trends in overweight and obesity. Endocrinol Metab
Clin North Am 2003; 32:741-60, vii.
23. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and
managing global epidemic. Geneva: World Health
Programme of Nutrition; 1998.
24. Cole TJ, Roede MJ. Centiles of body mass index for
Dutch children aged 0-20 years in 1980—a baseline
to assess recent trends in obesity. Ann Hum Biol 1999;
26:303-8.
25. Leung SS, Cole TJ, Tse LY, Lau JT. Body mass index
reference curves for Chinese children. Ann Hum Biol
1998; 25:169-74.
26. Ogden CL, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. Mean
body weight, height, and body mass index, United
States 1960-2002. Adv Data 2004;1-17.
27. Rolland-Cachera MF, Cole TJ, Sempe M, Tichet J,
Rossignol C, Charraud A. Body Mass Index variations:
centiles from birth to 87 years. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991;
45:13-21.
28. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Wattigney WA, Harsha
DW. Obesity and cardiovascular risk in children. Ann
N Y Acad Sci 1993; 699:93-103.
29. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR. Emergence of obesity and
cardiovascular risk for coronary artery disease: the
Bogalusa Heart Study. Prev Cardiol 2001; 4:116-21.
30. Caprio S. Insulin resistance in childhood obesity. J
Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002; 15 Suppl 1:487-92.
31. Freedman DS, Srinivasan SR, Burke GL, Shear CL, Smoak
CG, Harsha DW et al. Relation of body fat distribution to
hyperinsulinemia in children and adolescents: the Bogalusa
Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46:403-10.
32. Must A. Does overweight in childhood have an im-
pact on adult health? Nutr Rev 2003; 61:139-42.
33. Himes JH, Dietz WH. Guidelines for overweight in
adolescent preventive services: recommendations from
an expert committee. The Expert Committee on Clini-
cal Guidelines for Overweight in Adolescent Preven-
tive Services. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59:307-16.
34. Yun DJ, Yun DK, Chang YY, Lim SW, Lee MK, Kim
SY. Correlations among height, leg length and arm span
in growing Korean children. Ann Hum Biol 1995;
22:443-58.
35. Cheng JC, Leung SS, Lau J. Anthropometric measure-
ments and body proportions among Chinese children.
Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996;22-30.
36. Dangour AD, Schilg S, Hulse JA, Cole TJ. Sitting
height and subischial leg length centile curves for boys
and girls from Southeast England. Ann Hum Biol 2002;
29:290-305.
37. Gerver WJ, De Bruin R. Relationship between height,
sitting height and subischial leg length in Dutch chil-
dren: presentation of normal values. Acta Paediatr
1995; 84:532-5.
38. Fredriks AM, van Buuren S, van Heel W, Dijkman-
Neerincx G, Verloove-Vanhorick P, Wit JM. Nation-
wide age references for sitting height, leg length and
sitting height/height ratio and their diagnostic value
for disproportionate growth disorders. Arch Dis Child
2005. Epub 2005 Apr 2005.
39. Cole TJ. The secular trend in human physical growth:
a biological view. Econ Hum Biol 2003; 1:161-8.
40. Gerver WJ, de Bruin R, Drayer NM. A persisting secu-
lar trend for body measurements in Dutch children. The
Oosterwolde II Study. Acta Paediatr 1994;83:812-4.
41. Maffeis C, Pietrobelli A, Grezzani A, Provera S, Tato
L. Waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors
in prepubertal children. Obes Res 2001; 9:179-87.
42. Goran MI, Gower BA. Abdominal obesity and cardiovas-
cular risk in children. Coron Artery Dis 1998; 9:483-7.
43. Despres JP, Lemieux S, Lamarche B, Prud’homme D,
Moorjani S, Brun LD et al. The insulin resistance-
dyslipidemic syndrome: contribution of visceral obe-
sity and therapeutic implications. Int J Obes Relat
Metab Disord 1995; 19 Suppl 1:S76-S86.
44. Seidell JC, Bouchard C. Visceral fat in relation to health:
is it a major culprit or simply an innocent bystander? Int
J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21:626-31.
45. Fernandez JR, Redden DT, Pietrobelli A, Allison DB.
Waist circumference percentiles in nationally repre-
sentative samples of African-American, European-
American, and Mexican-American children and ado-
lescents. J Pediatr 2004; 145:439-44.
46. Katzmarzyk PT. Waist circumference percentiles for
Canadian youth 11-18 y of age. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;
58:1011-5.
47. Zannolli R, Morgese G. Waist percentiles: a simple test
for atherogenic disease? Acta Paediatr 1996; 85:1368-9.
48. McCarthy HD, Jarrett KV, Crawley HF. The develop-
ment of waist circumference percentiles in British chil-
dren aged 5.0-16.9 y. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55:902-7.
49. Moreno LA, Fleta J, Mur L, Rodriquez G, Sarria A,
Bueno M. Waist circumference values in Spanish chil-
dren—gender related differences. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;
53:429-33.
50. Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn LM, de Onis M, Yip R. The
development of a MUAC-for-height reference, includ-
ing a comparison to other nutritional status screening
indicators. Bull World Health Organ 1997; 75:333-41.
51. Heitmann BL, Frederiksen P, Lissner L. Hip circumfer-
ence and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in men
and women. Obes Res 2004; 12:482-7.
52. Seidell JC, Perusse L, Despres JP, Bouchard C. Waist
and hip circumferences have independent and opposite
effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Que-
bec Family Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74:315-21.
53. Must A, Dallal GE, Dietz WH. Reference data for obe-
sity: 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index (wt/
ht2) and triceps skinfold thickness. Am J Clin Nutr
1991; 53:839-46.
54. Malina RM, Katzmarzyk PT. Validity of the body mass
index as an indicator of the risk and presence of over-
weight in adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;
70(suppl):131S-6S.
55. Cole TJ, Flegal K, Dietz WH. Detecting obesity based on
skinfold thicknesses. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:196-7.
56. Helm P, Helm S. Uncertainties in designation of age at
menarche in the 19th century, revise mean for Den-
mark 1835. Ann Hum Biol 1987; 14:371-4.
57. Helm P, Grolund L. A halt in a secular trend towards
earlier menarche in Denmark. Acta Paediatr Suppl
1998; 77:198-200.
58. Liestol K, Rosenberg M. Height , weight and menar-
cheal age of schoolgirls in Oslo - an update. Ann Hum
Biol 2005; 22:199-205.
59. Cole TJ. The use and construction of anthropometric
growth reference standards. Nutr Research Review
1993; 6:19-50.
60. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, Grummer-Strawn
LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z et al. 2000 CDC Growth Charts
for the United States: methods and development. Vi-
tal Health Stat 11 2002;1-190.
61. Chinn S, Cole TJ, Preece MA, Rona RJ. Growth charts
for ethnic populations in UK. Lancet 1996; 347:839-40.
62. Kuh DL, Power C, Rodgers B. Secular trends in social
class and sex differences in adult height. Int J Epidemiol
1991; 20:1001-9.
63. Meyer HE, Selmer R. Income, educational level and
body height. Ann Hum Biol 1999; 26:219-27.
64. Chinn S, Rona RJ, Price CE. The secular trend in height
of primary school children in England and Scotland
1972-79 and 1979-86. Ann Hum Biol 1989; 16:387-95.
65. Weber G, Seidler H, Wilfing H, Hauser G. Secular
change in height in Austria: an effect of population
stratification? Ann Hum Biol 1995; 22:277-88.
66. Freeman JV, Cole TJ, Chinn S, Jones PRM, White EM,
Preece MA. Cross sectional stature and weight refer-
ence curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child 1995;
73:17-24.
67. Tanner JM, Hayashi T, Preece MA, Cameron N. In-
crease in length of leg relative to trunk in Japanese
children and adults from 1957 to 1977; comparison
with British and with Japanese Americans. Ann Hum
Biol 1982; 9:411-23.
68. Thomson AM, Duncan DL. The diagnosis of malnu-
trition in man. Nutr Abstract Review 1954; 24:11-8.
69. Schmidt IM, Jorgensen MH, Michaelsen KF. Height
of conscripts in Europe: is postneonatal mortality a
predictor? Ann Hum Biol 1995; 22:57-67.
70. Hauspie RC, Vercauteren M, Susanne C. Secular
changes in growth and maturation: an update. Acta
Paediatr Suppl 1997; 423:20-7.
71. Fredriks AM, van Buuren S, Burgmeijer RJ,
Meulmeester JF, Beuker RJ, Brugman E et al. Continu-
ing positive secular growth change in The Netherlands
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Published
2016-10-10
How to Cite
1.
Batubara J. Practices of growth assessment in children: Is anthropometric measurement important?. PI [Internet]. 10Oct.2016 [cited 23Dec.2024];45(4):145-3. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/821
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Received 2016-10-06
Accepted 2016-10-06
Published 2016-10-10
Accepted 2016-10-06
Published 2016-10-10
