Oral-dental hygiene and oral microorganisms in children with and without congenital heart disease
Keywords:
congenital heart disease, dental hygiene, oral hygiene, oral microorganisms, caries index, oral hygiene index
Abstract
Objective This study was done to compare the dental and oralhygiene status of children with and without congenital heart dis-
ease (CHD) by investigating oral microorganisms and dental and
oral hygiene indices.
Methods A cross-sectional study was done on children aged 2 to
15 years from April 2002 to December 2003 at the Department of
Child Health, Haji Adam Malik Hospital, Medan. There were two
subject groups, the first consisting of children with CHD and the
second of those without. The dental and oral hygiene status was
determined by determining caries index and oral hygiene index.
Swabs from the subjects’ upper first molars were taken and cul-
tured to determine the types of microorganisms present. Data were
analyzed using the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and t-test.
Results There was a significant difference in mean oral hygiene
index between children with (mean 2.75; SD 1.85) and without
(mean 1.45; SD 0.78) CHD (P<0.001). Positive bacterial cultures
were more frequent in children with CHD than in those without.
The proportion of normal anaerobes was significantly higher in chil-
dren with CHD (P=0.038). Such a significant difference was not
found for normal aerobes, pathogenic aerobes, and pathogenic
anaerobes. In children with CHD, there was no significant asso-
ciation between mean caries index and oral hygiene index with
culture results. In those without CHD, a significant association was
found between the caries index components of decayed tooth in-
dex (P=0.003) and DMF-T (P=0.022) with culture results.
Conclusions Oral-dental hygiene in children with CHD is poor
relative to that in children without CHD. Microorganism growth ap-
pears more likely in children with CHD than in those without
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infancy and childhood. In: Braunwald E, Zipes DP, Libby
P, eds. Heart disease: A textbook of cardiovascular medi-
cine. 6 th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2001. p. 1505-14.
2. Sastroasmoro S, Madiyono B. Epidemiologi dan
etiologi penyakit jantung bawaan. In: Sastroasmoro
S, Madiyono B, eds. Buku ajar kardiologi anak. Jakarta:
Binarupa Aksara; 1994. p. 166-71.
3. Bernstein D. Congenital heart disease. In: Behrman
RE, Kliegman RM, Arvin AM, eds. Nelson Textbook
of Pediatrics. 16 th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders;
2000. p. 1362-5.
4. Gidding SS, Rosenthal A. The interface between pri-
mary care and pediatric cardiology. Pediatric Clin
North Am 1984;31:1367-85.
5. Li X, Kolltveit KM, Tronstad, Olsen I. Systemic dis-
eases caused by oral infection. Clin Microbiol Rev
2000;13:547-58.
6. Pollard MA, Curzon EJ. Dental health and salivary
Streptococcus mutans levels in a group of children with
heart defects. Int J Pediatr Dentist 1992;2:81-5.
7. Storm BL, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA. Dental and cardiac risk
factors for infective endocarditis: A population-based,
case-control study. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:761-9.
8. Natamiharja L. Indeks-indeks untuk penyakit gigi.
Medan: Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas
Sumatera Utara; 1987. p. 1-20.
9. Varan B, Tokel K, Yilmaz G. Malnutrition and growth
failure in cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart dis-
ease with and without pulmonary hypertension. Arch
Dis Child 1999;49-52.
10. Durack DT, Phil MB. Prevention of infective en-
docarditis. N Engl J Med 1995;332:38-44.
11. Cabell CH, Abrutyn E, Karchmer AW. Bacterial en-
docarditis: The disease, treatment, and prevention.
Circulation 2003;107:e185-e187.
12. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Antimicrobial pro-
phylaxis in pediatric surgical patients. In: Pickering LK,
Peter G, Baker CJ, Gerber MA, McDonal MG, eds.
Red Book 2000: Report of the Committee on Infec-
tious Diseases. 25 th ed. Elk Grove Village: American
Academy of Pediatrics; 2000. p. 735-9.
13. Ferrieri P, Gewitz MH, Newburger JW, Newburger JW,
Dajani AS. Unique features of infective endocarditis
in childhood. J Pediatr 2002;109:931-43.
14. Suwelo IS. Karies gigi pada anak dengan berbagai faktor
kajian pada anak usia prasekolah. Jakarta: EGC; 1992.
p. 1-47.
15. Aldy D, Siregar Z, Liwijaya SG, Tanyati S. A compara-
tive study of caries formation in breast-fed and bottle-
fed children. Pediatr Indones 1979;19:308-12.
16. Yuyus R, Magdarina DA, Sintawati F, Tonny M. Derajat
kesehatan gigi dan mulut murid sekolah dasar di
Kabupaten Bekasi, 1997/1996. FKG UI 2001;8:1-5.
17. Direktorat Kesehatan Gigi Departemen Kesehatan RI.
Pedoman upaya pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut di
Puskesmas. Jakarta: Departemen kesehatan RI; 2000. p. 9.
18. Strom LB, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA. Risk factors for infec-
tive endocarditis: Oral hygiene and nondental expo-
sures. Circulation 2000;102:2842-8.
Published
2016-10-10
How to Cite
1.
Panggabean E, Irsa L, Anwar R, Lubis M, Rusdidjas R, Pasaribu S. Oral-dental hygiene and oral microorganisms in children with and without congenital heart disease. PI [Internet]. 10Oct.2016 [cited 22Nov.2024];45(3):127-1. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/818
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Received 2016-10-06
Accepted 2016-10-06
Published 2016-10-10
Accepted 2016-10-06
Published 2016-10-10
