Blood glucose levels in healthy, term, appropriate for gestational age, exclusively breastfed infants
Keywords:
blood glucose level, hypoglycemia, healthy, term, appropriate for gestational age, exclusively breastfed
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine blood glucose levels ofhealthy, term, appropriate for gestational age (AGA), exclusively
breastfed infants at the age of 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours of life,
and to investigate the incidence of hypoglycemia in those infants.
Methods All healthy, term, AGA infants born in Cipto
Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, who were exclusively
breastfed during the recruitment period of December 2003 until
February 2004, were included in this study. These infants were
subjected to blood glucose level determination at the age of 6, 12,
24, 48, or 72 hours of life, and the clinical signs of hypoglycemia
were monitored.
Results Two hundred and fifteen blood samples taken from 137
newborns were studied. There was no incidence of hypoglycemia
observed, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic. The range of
blood glucose levels was between 41 mg/dl and 115 mg/dl. The
means and the standard deviations (SD) of the blood glucose lev-
els of the 6-, 12-, 24-, 48- and 72-hour old infants were 59.7 (11.98)
mg/dl, 64.1 (13.51) mg/dl, 65.9 (14.42) mg/dl, 67.0 (14.95) mg/dl,
and 78.6 (16.51) mg/dl, respectively.
Conclusions The current concern for hypoglycemia in the popu-
lation of healthy, term, AGA, exclusively breastfed infants during
the first few days of life was not proven to exist. Therefore, there is
no reason to resort to prelacteal feeding in such infants
References
1. Naylor AJ. Baby-friendly hospital initiative: protect-
ing, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding in the
twenty-first century. Pediatr Clin North Am
2001;48:475-83.
2. The American Academy of Pediatrics, Work Group on
Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the use of human
milk. Pediatrics 1997;100:1035-9.
3. Lawrence RA. Breastfeeding: a guide for the medical
profession. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1994. p. 215-77.
4. Prasad B, Costello AM deL. Impact and sustainability
of a baby friendly health education intervention at a
district hospital in Bihar, India. BMJ 1995;310:621-3.
5. Ludvigsson JF. Breastfeeeding intentions, patterns, and
determinants in infants visiting hospitals in La Paz, Bo-
livia. BMC Pediatrics 2003;3:5.
6. Perez-Escamilla R, Segura-Millan S, Canahuati J, Allen
H. Prelacteal feeds are negatively associated with
breast-feeding outcomes in Honduras [abstract]. J Nutr.
1996;126: 2765-73.
7. Srivasan G, Pildes RS, Cattamanchi G, Voora S, Lilien
LD. Plasma glucose values in normal neonates: a new
look. J Pediatr 1986;109:114-7.
8. Heck LJ, Erenberg A. Serum glucose levels in term neo-
nates during the first 48 hours of life. J Pediatr
1987;110:119-22.
9. Madiyono B, Moeslichan Mz S, Sastroasmoro S,
Budiman I, Purwanto HP. Perkiraan besar sampel. In:
Sastroasmoro S, Ismael S, editors. Dasar-dasar
metodologi penelitian klinis. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Sagung
Seto; 2002. p. 259-87.
10. Hawdon JM, Platt MPW, Aynsley-Green A. Patterns
of metabolic adaptation for pretem and term infants
in the first neonatal week. Arch Dis Child
1992;67:357-65.
11. Hoseth E, Joergensen A, Ebbesen F, Moeller M. Blood
glucose levels in a population of healthy, breastfed, term
infants of appropriate size for gestational age. Arch Dis
Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000;83:F117-9.
12. Diwakar KK, Sasidhar MV. Plasma glucose levels in
term infants who are appropriate size for gestation and
exclusively breastfed. Arch Dis Fetal Neonatal Ed
2002;87:F46-8.
13. Ogata ES. Carbohydrate homeostasis. In Avery GB,
Fletcher MA, MacDonald MG, editors. Neonatology:
pathophysiology and management of the newborn. 5th
ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999.
p. 699-714.
14. Kliegman RM. Problems in metabolic adaptation: glu-
cose, calcium, and magnesium. In: Klaus MH,
Fanaroff AA, editors. Care of the high-risk neonate.
5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 2001.
p. 301-9.
15. Gomella, TL, Cunningham MD, Eyal FG, Zenk KE.
Neonatology: management, procedures, on-call prob-
lems, diseases, drugs. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medi-
cal Books/McGraw-Hill; 1999. p. 247-51.
16. Sperling MA. Hypoglycemia. In: Behrman RE,
Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, editors. Nelson textbook of
pediatrics. 16th ed. Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders Com-
pany; 2000. p. 439-50.
17. World Health Organization. Hypoglycemia of the new-
born: review of the literature. Geneva: WHO; 1997.
18. Eidelman AI. Hypoglycemia and the breastfed neo-
nate. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48:377-87.
19. Cornblath M, Hawdon JM, Williams AF, Aynsley-
Green A, Ward-Platt MP, Schwartz R, et al. Contro-
versies regarding definition of neonatal hypoglycemia:
suggested operational thresholds. Pediatrics
2000;105:1141-5.
20. Koh THHS, Aynsley-Green A, Tarbit M, Eyre JA. Neu-
ronal dysfunction during hypoglycemia. Arh Dis Child
1988;63:1353-8.
21. Dewey KG, Nommsen-Rivers LA, Heinig MJ,
Cohen RJ. Risk factors for suboptimal infant
breastfeeding behavior, delayed onset of lactation,
and excess neonatal weight loss. Pediatrics
2003;112:607-19.
22. Evans KC, Evans RG, Esterman AJ, James SL. Effect
of caesaren section on breast milk transfer to the nor-
mal term newborn over the first week of life. Arch Dis
Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88:F380-2.
ing, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding in the
twenty-first century. Pediatr Clin North Am
2001;48:475-83.
2. The American Academy of Pediatrics, Work Group on
Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the use of human
milk. Pediatrics 1997;100:1035-9.
3. Lawrence RA. Breastfeeding: a guide for the medical
profession. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1994. p. 215-77.
4. Prasad B, Costello AM deL. Impact and sustainability
of a baby friendly health education intervention at a
district hospital in Bihar, India. BMJ 1995;310:621-3.
5. Ludvigsson JF. Breastfeeeding intentions, patterns, and
determinants in infants visiting hospitals in La Paz, Bo-
livia. BMC Pediatrics 2003;3:5.
6. Perez-Escamilla R, Segura-Millan S, Canahuati J, Allen
H. Prelacteal feeds are negatively associated with
breast-feeding outcomes in Honduras [abstract]. J Nutr.
1996;126: 2765-73.
7. Srivasan G, Pildes RS, Cattamanchi G, Voora S, Lilien
LD. Plasma glucose values in normal neonates: a new
look. J Pediatr 1986;109:114-7.
8. Heck LJ, Erenberg A. Serum glucose levels in term neo-
nates during the first 48 hours of life. J Pediatr
1987;110:119-22.
9. Madiyono B, Moeslichan Mz S, Sastroasmoro S,
Budiman I, Purwanto HP. Perkiraan besar sampel. In:
Sastroasmoro S, Ismael S, editors. Dasar-dasar
metodologi penelitian klinis. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Sagung
Seto; 2002. p. 259-87.
10. Hawdon JM, Platt MPW, Aynsley-Green A. Patterns
of metabolic adaptation for pretem and term infants
in the first neonatal week. Arch Dis Child
1992;67:357-65.
11. Hoseth E, Joergensen A, Ebbesen F, Moeller M. Blood
glucose levels in a population of healthy, breastfed, term
infants of appropriate size for gestational age. Arch Dis
Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000;83:F117-9.
12. Diwakar KK, Sasidhar MV. Plasma glucose levels in
term infants who are appropriate size for gestation and
exclusively breastfed. Arch Dis Fetal Neonatal Ed
2002;87:F46-8.
13. Ogata ES. Carbohydrate homeostasis. In Avery GB,
Fletcher MA, MacDonald MG, editors. Neonatology:
pathophysiology and management of the newborn. 5th
ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999.
p. 699-714.
14. Kliegman RM. Problems in metabolic adaptation: glu-
cose, calcium, and magnesium. In: Klaus MH,
Fanaroff AA, editors. Care of the high-risk neonate.
5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 2001.
p. 301-9.
15. Gomella, TL, Cunningham MD, Eyal FG, Zenk KE.
Neonatology: management, procedures, on-call prob-
lems, diseases, drugs. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medi-
cal Books/McGraw-Hill; 1999. p. 247-51.
16. Sperling MA. Hypoglycemia. In: Behrman RE,
Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, editors. Nelson textbook of
pediatrics. 16th ed. Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders Com-
pany; 2000. p. 439-50.
17. World Health Organization. Hypoglycemia of the new-
born: review of the literature. Geneva: WHO; 1997.
18. Eidelman AI. Hypoglycemia and the breastfed neo-
nate. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48:377-87.
19. Cornblath M, Hawdon JM, Williams AF, Aynsley-
Green A, Ward-Platt MP, Schwartz R, et al. Contro-
versies regarding definition of neonatal hypoglycemia:
suggested operational thresholds. Pediatrics
2000;105:1141-5.
20. Koh THHS, Aynsley-Green A, Tarbit M, Eyre JA. Neu-
ronal dysfunction during hypoglycemia. Arh Dis Child
1988;63:1353-8.
21. Dewey KG, Nommsen-Rivers LA, Heinig MJ,
Cohen RJ. Risk factors for suboptimal infant
breastfeeding behavior, delayed onset of lactation,
and excess neonatal weight loss. Pediatrics
2003;112:607-19.
22. Evans KC, Evans RG, Esterman AJ, James SL. Effect
of caesaren section on breast milk transfer to the nor-
mal term newborn over the first week of life. Arch Dis
Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88:F380-2.
Published
2016-10-10
How to Cite
1.
Hewis L, Suradi R, Tambunan T. Blood glucose levels in healthy, term, appropriate for gestational age, exclusively breastfed infants. PI [Internet]. 10Oct.2016 [cited 22Nov.2024];45(1):7-3. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/790
Section
Articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Received 2016-10-05
Accepted 2016-10-05
Published 2016-10-10
Accepted 2016-10-05
Published 2016-10-10
