The role of indoor air pollution and other factors in the incidence of pneumonia in under-five children
Keywords:
pneumonia, risk factors, indoor air pollution, household biomass fuel smoke, cigarette smoke, mosquito coil smoke
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization has asked for a spe-cial attention to the relation between pneumonia and indoor air
pollution, i.e., household biomass fuel smoke, cigarette smoke,
and mosquito coil smoke, especially in developing countries.
Objective To analyze the role of indoor air pollution and other
factors as risk factors for pneumonia in under-five-year children.
Methods This case-control study was carried out from August un-
til December 2000 at Public Health Centers in Banjarnegara,
Kebumen, Jepara, and Pekalongan districts. All children qualify-
ing pneumonia classification as recommended by WHO in IMCI
(Integrated Management of Childhood Illness) were defined as
cases and without pneumonia as controls. Severe pneumonia and
no pneumonia (as classified in IMCI) were excluded. Statistical
analysis was done using bivariate and logistic regression.
Results There were three hundreds and five children with pneu-
monia and 289 children without pneumonia. By bivariate analysis,
biomass fuel smoke (OR=3.25; 95%CI 1.50;7.07) and cigarette
smoke exposure from other family members (OR=1.63; 95%CI
1.11;2.38) were risk factors for pneumonia, while mosquito coil
smoke (OR=1.13; 95%CI 0.79;1.69) was not. History of wheezing
(OR=2.60; 95%CI 2.7;8.55), malnutrition (OR=2.60; 95%CI
1.33;5.07), and male sex (OR=1.47; 95%CI 1.06;2.04) were other
risk factors.
Conclusions Household biomass fuel smoke and cigarette smoke
were risk factors for pneumonia. Other variables as risk factors
were history of wheezing, male sex, and malnutrition
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and etiological agents of pneumonia, sepsis and men-
ingitis in young infants. Report of meeting. Geneva,
2124. November 1989. WHO/ARI, 1990;90:14.
2. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO). Dasar pemikiran
tatalaksana pneumonia pada anak di sarana kesehatan
dasar. 1994.
3. I Putu Tri Yasa. Peran paparan asap rokok pada pneu-
monia anak [thesis]. Denpasar: Department of Child
Health, Medical School, Udayana Univ.; 1999.
4. Claesson BA, Trollfors B, Brolin I, Granstrom M,
Henrichsen J, Jodal U, et al. Etiology of community-
acquired pneumonia in children based on antibody
responses to bacterial and viral antigens. Pediatr In-
fect Dis J 1989;8:856-62.
5. Departemen Kesehatan RI, WHO, and UNICEF.
Buku Bagan Manajemen Terpadu Balita Sakit
(MTBS) Indonesia. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan
RI; 1997.
6. Tim PMPT-IDAI. Buku Pedoman Pendidikan Medik
Pediatrik Terpadu (PMPT). Penilaian dan klasifikasi
anak sakit umur 2 bulan sampai 5 tahun. Jakarta: PP-
IDAI; 1998.
7. World Health Organization, Department of Child and
Adolescent Health and Development (CAH). IMCI
(Integrated Management of Childhood Illness).
Unicef; 2001.
8. Pio A. Acute respiratory infections in developing coun-
tries. An international view. Pediatr Infect Dis.
1986;5:179-83.
9. Dharmage SC, Rajapaksa LC, Fernando DN. Risk fac-
tor of acute lower respiratory tract infections in
underfive years of age. Southeast Asian J Trop Med
Public Health 1996;27:107-10.
10. Ballard TJ, Neuman CG. The effect of malnutrition,
parenteral literacy and household crowding on acute
lower respiratory infections in young Kenyan children.
J Trop Pediatr 1995;41:8-13.
11. Shah N, Rammankutty V, Premila PG, Sathy N. Risk
factors for severe pneumonia in children in South
Kerala : a hospital-based case-control study. J Trop
Pediatr 1994 ;40:201-6.
12. Chun-Yuh Yang, Jeng-Fen Chiu, Hui-Fen Chiu, Wen-
Yao Kao. Damp housing condition and respiratory symp-
tom in primary school children. Pediatr Pulmonol
1997;4:73-7.
13. Smith KR, Samet JM, Romeu I, Bruce N. Indoor air
pollution in developing countries and acute lower res-
piratory infection in children. Thorax 2000;55:414-7.
14. O Dempsey T, McArdle TF, Morris J, Lloyd-Evan N,
Baldeh I, Laurence BF, et al. A study of risk factors for
pneumococcal disease among children in rural area of
West Africa. Int J Epidemiol 1996;25:885-93.
15. Robin LF, Less PS, Winget M, Steinhoff M, Moulton
LH, Santhosam H, et al. Wood-burning stoves and
lower respiratory illness in Navajo children. Pediatr
Infect Dis J 1996;15:859-65.
16. Cergueiro MC, Murtagh P, Halac A, Avilla M,
Weissenbachert M. Epidemiologic risk factors for chil-
dren with acute lower respiratory tract infection in
Buenos Aires, Argentina: a match case control study.
Rev Infect Dis 1990;12:S1021-8.
17. Amstrong JR, Campbell H. Indoor air pollution expo-
sure and lower respiratory infection in young Gambian
children. Int J Epidemio 1991;20:424-9.
18. Thomas PT and Zelikoff JT. Air pollutants: modula-
tors of pulmonary host resistance against infection. In:
Holgate ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard RL, edi-
tors. Air pollution and health. San Diego: Academic
Press 1999;357-9.
19. Kosove D. Smoke-filled room and lower respiratory dis-
ease in infants. S Afr Med J 1982;61:622-4.
20. Victora CG, Fuch SC, Flores JAC, Fonsech W,
Kirkwood B. Risk factor for pneumonia among chil-
dren in a Brazilian metropolitan area. Pediatrics
1994;93:977-85.
21. Tupasi TE. Nutrition and acute respiratory infections (ARI)
in childhood. Proceeding of an International Workshop;
Sydney: Australia; 1984. p. 68-71.
22. Kabesch M, Von Mutius E. Epidemiology and public
health. In: Silverman M, editor. Childhood asthma and
other wheezing disorder. 2 nd ed. London: Arnold Pub-
lisher; 2002. p. 9-22.
Published
2016-10-10
How to Cite
1.
Sunyataningkamto S, Z I, T A, I B, Surjono A, Wibowo T, Lestari E, Wastoro D. The role of indoor air pollution and other factors in the incidence of pneumonia in under-five children. PI [Internet]. 10Oct.2016 [cited 20Apr.2024];44(1):25-. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/729
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Received 2016-09-28
Accepted 2016-09-28
Published 2016-10-10
Accepted 2016-09-28
Published 2016-10-10
