Characteristics of HIV-infected children born to HIV-positive mothers in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital between 2002 and 2007
Abstract
Background In 2003, the Joint United Nation Program on
HIV/AIDS and the World Health Organisation estimated
that there will be 36.2 million people living with HIV /AIDS
througout the world by the end of2003, and that 2.1 million
of them will be children less than 15 years old. The profile
of children with HIV in the Department of Child Health,
Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital has not been studied.
Objective To identify the characteristics of HIV-infected
children born to HIV-positive mothers, and to evaluate the
Prevention Programme for Mother-to-Child Transmission
at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.
Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted
between March and May 2008 based on medical records.
The study population consisted of all mother-child pairs
who were admitted between January 2002 and December
2007.
Results Between 2002 and 2007,342 children were born to
HIV-infected mother, with 201 (58.5%) children contracting
HIV The median age of children was 20 months. There
were 121 (35.4%) cases involved in prevention of motherto-
child transmission. Triple-drug antiretroviral therapy
was prescribed to 78.1 o/o children. The most frequent
morbidities were chronic diarrhea, wasting syndrome, and
oropharyngeal candidiasis. Thirty-six children died; mostly
due to sepsis (30.5%)
Conclusion The majority of cases of HIV were between 1
and 5 years old. The most frequent morbidities were chronic
diarrhea, wasting syndrome, and oropharyngeal candidiasis.
Thirty-six children died mostly due to sepsis. The preven-
tion program for mother-to-child transmission should be
encouraged among pregnant women who are known to be
HIV-positive.
References
[homepage on the Internet]. No date [cited 2003 December
16]. Available from: http: //www.unaids.org/wad/2003/
Epiupdate2003 _ en/Epi03 _ 02 _ en.htm.
2. 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic [homepage on
the Internet]. No date [cited 2007 June 14]. Available from:
http: //www.unaids.org. [cited on 14 June 2007].
3. Direktorat Jendral Pemberantasan Penyakit Menular dan
Penyehatan Lingkungan Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia. Laporan triwulan pengidap infeksi HIV dan kasus
AIDS;30 September 2003.
4. Direktorat Jendral Pemberantasan Penyakit Menular dan
Penyehatan Lingkungan Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia. Laporan triwulan pengidap infeksi HIV dan kasus
AIDS;31 Maret 2007.
5. Akib AAP. Kendala dalam penatalaksanaan bayi yang lahir
dari ibu pengidap HIV {dissertation]. Jakarta: University of
Indonesia; 2007.
6. Latupeirissa D. Karakteristik pasien anak dengan infeksi
human immunodeficiency virus di RSUP Fatmawati, Jakarta
tahun 2005-2006. In: Sadjimin T, Juffrie M, Julia M, Wibowo
T, editors. Abstract book, PIT IKA III IDAI Yogyakarta.
Yogyakarta: IDAI, 2007; p. 330.
7. Kusumadewi A, Sary DD, Ismoedijanto. Manifestasi klinis
infeksi human immunodeficiency virus pada anak. In:
Sadjimin T, Juffrie M, Julia M, Wibowo T, editors. Abstract
book, PIT IKA III IDAI Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: IDAI, 2007;
p. 346.
8. Qodrisantosa, Hapsari MM, Mexitalia M. Human immunodeficiency
virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV I
AIDS) anak di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang. In: Sadjimin T,
Juffrie M, Julia M, Wibowo T, editors. Abstract book, PIT
IKA III IDAI Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: IDAI, 2007; p. 328.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised
classification system of human immunodeficiency virus
infection in children less than 13 years of age. MMWR.
1994;43: 1-10.
10. Waterlow JC. Classification and definition of protein-caloric
malnutrition. BMJ. 1972;3:566-9.
11. World Health Organization. Antiretroviral therapy of HIV
infection in infants and children in resource-limited settings:
towards universal access. Recommendations for public health
approach, 2006.
12. Newell ML, Gray G, Bryson YJ. Prevention of mother-tochild
transmission of HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 1997; 11 (A):
S165-S1 72.
13. Working Group of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV.
Rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Africa,
America and Europe: results from 13 perinatal studies. J
Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995;8:506-
510.
14. Newell ML. Mechanisms and timing of mother-to-child
transmission ofHIV-1. AIDS. 1998;12:831-837.
15. Mofenson LM. Interaction between the timing of perinatal
human immunodeficiency virus infection and the design of
preventive and therapeutic interventions. Acta Paediatr.
1997;421: 1-9.
16. Kourtis AP, Bansil P, Posner SF, Johnson C, Jamieson DJ.
Trends in hospitalization of HIV-infected children and
adolescents in the United States: analysis of data from
the 1994-2003 nationwide inpatient sample. Pediatrics.
2007; 120:e236-e243.
17. Heikens GT, Bunn J, Arnadi B, Manary M, Chhagan M,
Berkley J, et al. Case management of HIV-infected severely
malnourished children: challenges in the area of highest
prevalence. Lancet. 2008;371:1305-07.
18. Cowburn C, Hatheril M, Eley B, Nuttall J, Hussey G,
Reynolds L, et al. Short-term mortality and implementation of
antiretroviral treatment for critically ill HIV-infected children
in a developing country. Arch Dis Child. 2007 ;92:234-41.
19. Spira R, Lepage P, Msellati P, van de Perre P, Leroy V, Simonon
A, et al. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus
type 1 infection in children: a five-year prospective study in
Rwanda. Pediatrics. 1999;104(5):1-9.
20. Gibb DM, Hughes M, Dunn D, Duong T for the HIV
Paediatric Prognostic Markers Collaborative Study Group.
Short-term risk of disease progression in HIV-1 infected
children receiving non antiretroviral therapy or zidovudine
monotherapy: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003;362: 1605-11.
21. Gilks CF, Crowley S, Ekpini R, Gove S, Perriens J, Souteyrand
Y, et al. The WHO public-health approach to antiretroviral
treatment against HIV in resource-limited settings. Lancet.
2006;368:505-1 0.
22. The Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical
Management of HIV-Infected Children. Guidelines for the
Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection
[hompage on the Internet]. c2006 [updated 2006 October
26; cited 2007 June 14]. Available: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/
contentfiles/Pediatric Guidelines.pdf
23. Chearskul S, Chotpitayasunondh T, Simonds RJ, Wanprapar
N, Waranawat N, Punpanich W, et al. Survival, disease
manifestation, and early predictors of disease progression
among children with perinatal human immunodeficiency
virus infection in Thailand. Pediatrics. 2002; 110:1-6.
24. Brahmbhatt H, Kogozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda
D, Lutalo T, Nalugoda F. Mortality in HIV-infected and
uninfected children ofHIV-infected and uninfected mothers
in rural Uganda. J AIDS. 2006;41:504-8.
25. Newell M-L, Coovadia H, Cortina-Borja M, Rollins N,
Gaillard P, Dabis F, for the Ghent International AIDS
Society (IAS) working group on HIV infection in women
and children. Mortality of infected and uninfected infants
born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis.
Lancet. 2004;364:1236-43.
26. Jankelevich S. Serious infections caused by typical bacteria.
In: Zeichner SL, Read JS, editors. Pediatric HIV care. 2nd
edition. New York: Cambridge University Pers, 2006; p.
653-73.
27. Langston C, Cooper ER, Goldfarb J, Easley KA, Husak S,
Sunkle S. Human immunodeficiency virus-related mortality
in infants and children: data fom the pediatric pulmonary
and cardiovascular complications of vertically transmitted
HIV (P2C2) study. Pediatrics. 2001;107:328-38.
28. Gibb DM, Duong T, Tookey PA, Sharland M, TudorWilliams
G, Novelli V. Decline in mortality, AIDS, and
hospital admissions in perinatally HIV-1 infected children
in the United Kingdom and Ireland. BMJ. 2003;327:1019-24.
29. Harambat J, Fassinou P, Becquet R, Toure P, Rouet F, Dabis
F, et al for the ANRS 1201/1202 Ditrame Plus Study Group.
Eighteen-month occurrence of severe events among early
diagnosed HIV-infected children before antiretroviral therapy
in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: a cohort study. BMC Public Health.
2008;8: 169.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Accepted 2016-09-10
Published 2009-04-30
