Cryptosporidiosis in children less than three years old in Ciliwung Riverside, Kampung Melayu Village, Jakarta, Indonesia
Keywords:
cryptosporidium, children, prevalence, risk factor, clinical manifestations
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium infection is often found in children,especially children below three years old. Many risk factors can
affect cryptosporidiosis prevalence. At this moment, the prevalence
and risk factors of cryptosporidiosis in children in Jakarta are
unknown.
Objectives To determine the cryptosporidiosis prevalence, clinical
manifestations, and risk factors in children below three years old.
Methods This cross sectional study involved 474 subjects between
the age of 0 to 35 months in Ciliwung riverside, Kampung Melayu
village, from December 2005 until April 2006. Stool specimens
were examined using modified acid-fast staining. Nutritional status
was measured based on actual body weight over ideal body weight
ratio (NCHS-CDC 2000).
Results Cryptosporidium cysts were found in stool sample of 10/
474 subject (2.1%). Most of the cases used ground water as a
source for drinking and washing. All positive cases lived in houses
with bad sanitation, flooded house and 9/10 cases had a crowded
household. Cat and mice were the two most frequently found
animals around the house. We found five asymptomatic cases and
all of the cases were undernourished.
Conclusions The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in this study is
2.1%. Due to small number of cases no risk factor could be
identified. Use of groundwater as a water source, bad sanitation,
cat and mice around the house, flooded house, crowded household
and undernourishment might be related to cryptosporidiosis
prevalence. Half of the infected children were asymptomatic.
References
1. Katz DE, Taylor DN. Parasitic infections of the gastro-
intestinal tract. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2001;30:797-
815.
2. Korman SH, Deckelbaumn RJ. Enterc Parasites. In: Wyllie
R, Hyams JS, editor. Pediatric gastrointestinal disease;
pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders Company; 1993. p. 652-69.
3. Farthing MJ. Parasitic and fungal infections of the digestive
tract. In: Pediatric gastrointestinal disease; pathophysiology,
diagnosis, management. Philadelphia: BC Decker Inc; 1991.
p. 546-56.
4. Ungar BL. Cryptosporidium. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE,
Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases.
5 th edition. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. p.
2903-15.
5. Flynn PM. Cryptosporidium parvum. In: Long SS, editor.
Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 2 nd
edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 1267-9.
6. Weir E. The cryptic nature of cryptosporidiosis. CMAJ
2001;164:1743
7. Perch M, Sodemann M, Jakobsen MS, Valentiner-Branth P,
Steinsland H, Fischer TK, et al. Seven years’ experience with
Cryptosporidium parvum in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Ann
Trop Paediatr 2001;21:313-8.
8. Kourtis AP. Cryptosporidiosis. (Accessed 2005 August 1 st ) .
Avalaible from: url: http://www.emedicine.com/ped/
topic516.htm.
9. Katsumata T, Hosea D, Wasito EB, Kohno S, Hara K,
Soeparto P, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in Indonesia: a hospital-
based study and a community-based survey. Am J Trop Med
Hyg 1998;59:628-32.
10. Molbak K, Andersen M, Aaby P, Hojlyng N, Jakobsen M,
Sodemann M, et al. Cryptosporidium infection in infancy as
a cause of malnutrition: a community study from Guinea-
Bissau, West Africa. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:149-52.
11. Checkley W, Gilman RH, Epstein LD, Suarez M, Diaz F,
Cabrera L, et al. Asymptomatic and symptomatic crypto-
sporidiosis: their acute effect on weight gain in Peruvian
children. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:156-63.
12. Kang G, Mathew MS, Rajan DP, Daniel JD, Mathan MM,
Mathan VI, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in rural
Southern Indians. Trop Med Int Health 1998;3:70-5.
13. Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Hogg GG, Fairley CK. Prevalence
of enteric pathogens among community based asymptomatic
individuals. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;15:290-3.
14. Farthing MJ. Parasitic infectious diarrhea. In: Lebenthal E,
editor. Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in
Infancy. 2 nd edition. New York: Raven Press; 1989. p. 1135-
52.
15. Cryptosporidiosis.(Cited 2005 August 8 th ).Avalaible from: url:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/cryptosporidiosis/
default.htm.
16. Hlavsa MC, Watson JC, Beach MJ. Crytosporidiosis
surveillance - United States 1999-2002. (Cited on 2005
August 8 th ). Available from: url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/
preview/mmwrhtml/ss5401a1.htm.
17. Hannahs G. Cryptosporidium parvum: an emerging
pathogen. (Cited on 2005 August 1 st ). Avalaible from:url:
http://biology.kenyon.edu/slonc/bio38/hannahs/crypto.
htm.
18. Kosek M, Alcantara C, Lima AA, Guerrant RL. Crypto-
sporidiosis: an update. Lancet Infect Dis 2001;1:262-9.
19. Wang KX, Li CP, Wang J, Pan BR. Epidemiological survey of
cryptosporidiosis in Anhui province China. World J
Gastroenterol 2002:8:371-4.
20. Uga S, Matsumura T, Ishibashi K, Yoda Y, Yatomi K, Kataoka
N. Cryptosporidiosis in dogs and cats in Hyogo prefecture,
Japan. Jpn J Parasitol 1989;38:139-143.
21. Arai H, Fukuda Y, Hara T, Funakoshi Y, Kaneko S, Yoshida
T, et al. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among
intestinal tract. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2001;30:797-
815.
2. Korman SH, Deckelbaumn RJ. Enterc Parasites. In: Wyllie
R, Hyams JS, editor. Pediatric gastrointestinal disease;
pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders Company; 1993. p. 652-69.
3. Farthing MJ. Parasitic and fungal infections of the digestive
tract. In: Pediatric gastrointestinal disease; pathophysiology,
diagnosis, management. Philadelphia: BC Decker Inc; 1991.
p. 546-56.
4. Ungar BL. Cryptosporidium. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE,
Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases.
5 th edition. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. p.
2903-15.
5. Flynn PM. Cryptosporidium parvum. In: Long SS, editor.
Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 2 nd
edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 1267-9.
6. Weir E. The cryptic nature of cryptosporidiosis. CMAJ
2001;164:1743
7. Perch M, Sodemann M, Jakobsen MS, Valentiner-Branth P,
Steinsland H, Fischer TK, et al. Seven years’ experience with
Cryptosporidium parvum in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Ann
Trop Paediatr 2001;21:313-8.
8. Kourtis AP. Cryptosporidiosis. (Accessed 2005 August 1 st ) .
Avalaible from: url: http://www.emedicine.com/ped/
topic516.htm.
9. Katsumata T, Hosea D, Wasito EB, Kohno S, Hara K,
Soeparto P, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in Indonesia: a hospital-
based study and a community-based survey. Am J Trop Med
Hyg 1998;59:628-32.
10. Molbak K, Andersen M, Aaby P, Hojlyng N, Jakobsen M,
Sodemann M, et al. Cryptosporidium infection in infancy as
a cause of malnutrition: a community study from Guinea-
Bissau, West Africa. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:149-52.
11. Checkley W, Gilman RH, Epstein LD, Suarez M, Diaz F,
Cabrera L, et al. Asymptomatic and symptomatic crypto-
sporidiosis: their acute effect on weight gain in Peruvian
children. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:156-63.
12. Kang G, Mathew MS, Rajan DP, Daniel JD, Mathan MM,
Mathan VI, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in rural
Southern Indians. Trop Med Int Health 1998;3:70-5.
13. Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Hogg GG, Fairley CK. Prevalence
of enteric pathogens among community based asymptomatic
individuals. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;15:290-3.
14. Farthing MJ. Parasitic infectious diarrhea. In: Lebenthal E,
editor. Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in
Infancy. 2 nd edition. New York: Raven Press; 1989. p. 1135-
52.
15. Cryptosporidiosis.(Cited 2005 August 8 th ).Avalaible from: url:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/cryptosporidiosis/
default.htm.
16. Hlavsa MC, Watson JC, Beach MJ. Crytosporidiosis
surveillance - United States 1999-2002. (Cited on 2005
August 8 th ). Available from: url: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/
preview/mmwrhtml/ss5401a1.htm.
17. Hannahs G. Cryptosporidium parvum: an emerging
pathogen. (Cited on 2005 August 1 st ). Avalaible from:url:
http://biology.kenyon.edu/slonc/bio38/hannahs/crypto.
htm.
18. Kosek M, Alcantara C, Lima AA, Guerrant RL. Crypto-
sporidiosis: an update. Lancet Infect Dis 2001;1:262-9.
19. Wang KX, Li CP, Wang J, Pan BR. Epidemiological survey of
cryptosporidiosis in Anhui province China. World J
Gastroenterol 2002:8:371-4.
20. Uga S, Matsumura T, Ishibashi K, Yoda Y, Yatomi K, Kataoka
N. Cryptosporidiosis in dogs and cats in Hyogo prefecture,
Japan. Jpn J Parasitol 1989;38:139-143.
21. Arai H, Fukuda Y, Hara T, Funakoshi Y, Kaneko S, Yoshida
T, et al. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among
Published
2008-05-01
How to Cite
1.
Soetomenggolo H, Firmansyah A, Kurniawan A, Trihono P. Cryptosporidiosis in children less than three years old in Ciliwung Riverside, Kampung Melayu Village, Jakarta, Indonesia. PI [Internet]. 1May2008 [cited 27Nov.2024];48(2):99-03. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/486
Section
Articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Received 2016-09-07
Accepted 2016-09-07
Published 2008-05-01
Accepted 2016-09-07
Published 2008-05-01
