Effect of oral sugar solution for reducing pain in infants underwent diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT) im- munization: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial
Keywords:
infant analgesia, immunization, pain, sugar
Abstract
Background Infants are often subjected to painful procedures suchas diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DTP) immunization. Despite
its negative effects, pain in infants has not got enough attention.
Sweet oral solution has analgesic effect.
Objective To determine whether oral sugar solution can reduce
the duration of crying in infants who got DTP immunization.
Methods This was a randomized, double-blind controlled trial
performed at Growth and Development Clinic of Dr. Sardjito
General Hospital and two Primary Health Centers in Yogyakarta.
Study subjects were 4-6 month-old infants who got the 3 rd DTP
immunization. Subjects were randomly allocated to receive 2 ml
75% oral sugar solution (intervention group) or 2 ml drinking
water (placebo) just before the immunization. Crying was recorded
from just before the injection until 3 minutes after.
Results Eighty-six subjects were enrolled; 42 subjects received
sugar solution and 44 subjects received placebo. Sugar solution
reduced the median duration of first cry about 38 seconds or 32%
(P=0.03) and reduced the median duration of total crying about
35 seconds or 24% (P=0.02).
Conclusion Administration of 2 ml 75% oral sugar solution can
alleviate pain associated with DTP immunization as shown by
reduced duration of crying.
References
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controlled trial of sucrose by mouth for the relief of infant
crying after immunization. Arch Dis Child 1998;78:453-6.
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The assessment and management of acute pain in infants,
children, and adolescents. Pediatrics 2001;108:793-7.
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pain and analgesia with a lidocaine-prilocaine emulsion in infants
and toddler during venipuncture. J Pediatr 1991; 118:971-3.
4. Carbajal R, Chauvet S, Couderc S, Oliver-Martin M.
Randomised trial of analgesic effects of sucrose, glucose, and
pacifiers in term neonates. BMJ 1999;319:1393-9.
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neonate and fetus. N Eng J Med 1987;317:1321-9.
6. Taddio A, Goldbach M, Ipp M, Stevens B, Koren G. Effect of
neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination
in boys. Lancet 1995;345:291-2.
7. Taddio A, Nulman I, Goldbach M, Ipp M, Koren, G. Use of
lidocaine-prilocaine cream for vaccinatiion pain in infants. J
Pediatr 1994;124:643-8.
8. Haouari N, Wood C, Griffiths G, Levene M. The analgesic
effect of sucrose in full term infants: a randomized controlled
trial. BMJ 1995;310:1498-500.
9. Ren K, Blass EM, Zhou QQ, Dubner R. Suckling and
sucrose ingestion suppress persistent hyperalgesia and
spinal Fos expression after forepaw inflammation in
infant rats. Proct. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997;94:1471-
5.
10. McGrath PJ, Unruh AM. Pain in children and adolescents.
Amsterdam: Elseviers Science Publishers; 1987.
12. Blass EM, Hoffmeyer LB. Sucrose as an analgesic for newborn
infants. Pediatrcics 1991;87:215-8.
13. Runefors P, Arnbjornsson E, Elander G, Mechelsson K.
Newborn infants’ cry after heel-pick: analysis with sound
spectogram. Acta Paediatr 2000;89:68-72.
14. Gradin M, Erikson M, Holmqvis G, Holstein A, Scholin J.
Pain reduction at venipuncture in newborns: oral glucose
compared with local anesthetic cream. Pediatrics 2002;
110:1053-7.
15. Campbell C. Letters: Analgesic effects of sweet solution and
pacifiers in term neonates. BMJ 2000;320:1002-4.
16. Wong SW. Electronic responses to: randomized trial of
analgesic effects of sucrose, glucose, and pacifiers in term
neonates. BMJ 1999. Electronic Letter Published.
17. Victoria CG, Behaque DP, Barros FC, Olinto MTA,
Weiderpass E. Pacifier use and short breastfeeding duration:
Cause, consequnce, or coincidence? Pediatrics 1997;99:445-
53.
controlled trial of sucrose by mouth for the relief of infant
crying after immunization. Arch Dis Child 1998;78:453-6.
2. American Pain Society, American Academy of Pediatrics.
The assessment and management of acute pain in infants,
children, and adolescents. Pediatrics 2001;108:793-7.
3. Robieux IC, Kumar R, Radhakrishnan S, Koren G. Assessing
pain and analgesia with a lidocaine-prilocaine emulsion in infants
and toddler during venipuncture. J Pediatr 1991; 118:971-3.
4. Carbajal R, Chauvet S, Couderc S, Oliver-Martin M.
Randomised trial of analgesic effects of sucrose, glucose, and
pacifiers in term neonates. BMJ 1999;319:1393-9.
5. Anand KJS, Hickey PR. Pain and its effect in the human
neonate and fetus. N Eng J Med 1987;317:1321-9.
6. Taddio A, Goldbach M, Ipp M, Stevens B, Koren G. Effect of
neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination
in boys. Lancet 1995;345:291-2.
7. Taddio A, Nulman I, Goldbach M, Ipp M, Koren, G. Use of
lidocaine-prilocaine cream for vaccinatiion pain in infants. J
Pediatr 1994;124:643-8.
8. Haouari N, Wood C, Griffiths G, Levene M. The analgesic
effect of sucrose in full term infants: a randomized controlled
trial. BMJ 1995;310:1498-500.
9. Ren K, Blass EM, Zhou QQ, Dubner R. Suckling and
sucrose ingestion suppress persistent hyperalgesia and
spinal Fos expression after forepaw inflammation in
infant rats. Proct. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997;94:1471-
5.
10. McGrath PJ, Unruh AM. Pain in children and adolescents.
Amsterdam: Elseviers Science Publishers; 1987.
12. Blass EM, Hoffmeyer LB. Sucrose as an analgesic for newborn
infants. Pediatrcics 1991;87:215-8.
13. Runefors P, Arnbjornsson E, Elander G, Mechelsson K.
Newborn infants’ cry after heel-pick: analysis with sound
spectogram. Acta Paediatr 2000;89:68-72.
14. Gradin M, Erikson M, Holmqvis G, Holstein A, Scholin J.
Pain reduction at venipuncture in newborns: oral glucose
compared with local anesthetic cream. Pediatrics 2002;
110:1053-7.
15. Campbell C. Letters: Analgesic effects of sweet solution and
pacifiers in term neonates. BMJ 2000;320:1002-4.
16. Wong SW. Electronic responses to: randomized trial of
analgesic effects of sucrose, glucose, and pacifiers in term
neonates. BMJ 1999. Electronic Letter Published.
17. Victoria CG, Behaque DP, Barros FC, Olinto MTA,
Weiderpass E. Pacifier use and short breastfeeding duration:
Cause, consequnce, or coincidence? Pediatrics 1997;99:445-
53.
Published
2008-02-29
How to Cite
1.
Priambodo A, Julia M, Ismail D. Effect of oral sugar solution for reducing pain in infants underwent diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT) im- munization: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. PI [Internet]. 29Feb.2008 [cited 13Nov.2024];48(1):23-. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/461
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Received 2016-09-05
Accepted 2016-09-05
Published 2008-02-29
Accepted 2016-09-05
Published 2008-02-29
