Comparison of blood glucose levels in breastfed vs. formula-fed low birth weight infants
Keywords:
low birth weight, hypoglycemia, full-term, breastfeeding, formula-feeding
Abstract
Background Low birth weight infants are defined as babies withbirth weight less than 2500 grams. Low birth weight infants tend
to suffer from hypoglycemia compared to full term infants. The
incidence of hypoglycemia in newborns varies between 1.3 and 3
per 1000 live births. Blood glucose levels in formula-fed infants
are lower than those in breastfed infants.
Objective To compare blood glucose levels in breastfed and
formula-fed low birth weight infants.
Methods A cross sectional study was conducted between February
2007 and June 2007 at Pirngadi and H. Adam Malik General
Hospital in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. All low birth
weight babies were classified into two groups: the breastfed and
formula-fed. Each group consisted of 32 infants. Capillary blood
was collected using heel pricks at 1, 48, and 72 hours after birth,
and plasma glucose was evaluated using the Glucotrend2 blood
glucose test.
Results The breastfed low birth weight infants had significantly
higher blood glucose levels (P=0.002) than formula-fed low birth
weight infants. Mode of delivery was related to blood glucose level.
Infant delivered by caesarean section had significantly different
blood glucose levels at 1 hour (P=0.005) and 72 hours after
birth (P=0.027). The full-term infants had significantly higher
blood glucose level (P=0.007) than the small for gestational age
infants.
Conclusions Generally, low birth weight infants have hypoglycemia
after first hour of delivery. Breastfed low birth weight infants have
higher blood glucose levels than formula-fed low birth weight
infants.
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Cowett RM, penyunting. Principles of perinatal-neonatal
metabolism. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, Inc., 1998;
p. 683-96.
Policy paper #18. Switzerland: WHO, 2000; p.1-56.
2. Ewald U. The low birth weight infant. Quality Improvement
in Perinatal Care. Sweden: Uppsala University, 2006; p.
1-8.
3. Wardlaw T, Blanc A, Zupan J, Ahman E. Low birthweight.
Country, regional and global estimate. New York: UNICEF,
2004; p.l-26.
4. World He a lth Organization. Kangaroo mother care. A
practical guide. Geneva: Department of reproductive health
and re search WHO, 2003; p.l-54.
5. Ho HT, Yeung KWY, Young BWY. Evaluation of"point of care"
devices in the measurement oflow blood glucose in neonatal
practice. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal. 2004;89: 356-9.
6. Eggert L. Management of neonatal hypoglycemia. Inter-
mountain Health Care. 2004;5: 1-3.
7. Wight N, Marinelli KA. ABM Clinical Protocol #1:
Guidelines for glucose monitoring and treatment of
hypoglicemia in breastfed neonates. Breastfeeding Medicine.
2006; 1:178-83.
8. Hawdon JM, Aynsley-Green A. Disorders of blood glucose
homeostatis in the neonate. In: Rennie MJ, Roberton CRN,
editors. Textbook of neonatology. Jrd ed. Toronto: Churchill
Livingstone; 1999. p. 935-51.
9. Pal KD, Manandhar SO, Rajbhandari S, Lard MJ. Neonatal
hypoglycaemia in Nepali, prevalence and risk factor. Arch
Dis Child Fetal Neonatal. 2000;8:F46-51.
10. Sperling MA. Hipoglycemia. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM,
Jenson HB, editors. Nelson text book of pediatrics. 16'" ed.
St.Louis: Mosby, 1999; p. 982-92.
11. Roberton NRC. Care of the normal small baby and the
convalescing NICU graduate. In: Rennie MJ, Roberton
NRC,editors. Textbook of neonatology. Jrd ed. Toronto:
Churchill Livingstone, 1999; p. 389-92.
12. Stoll BJ, Kliegman RM. The fetus and the neonatal infant.
The newborn infant. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM,
Jenson HB, editors. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 17'" ed.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2004; p. 454-60.
13. Gomella TL, Cunningham MD, Eyal FG, Zenk KE.
Neonatology: Management, procedures, on-call problem,
diseases and drugs. 4'" ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
International Inc., 1999;p. 249-51.
14. British Columbia Reproductive Care Program. Newborn
Guideline 5 Neonatal Hypoglycemia. 2003; 17:1-7.
15. King C, Jones E. The benefits of human milk for the preterm
baby. In: Jones E, King C, editors. Feeding and nutrition in
the preterm infant. Livingstone: Elsevier Churchill, 2005; p.
1-10.
16. Hussain K, Aynsley-Green A. The effect of prematurity and
intraurine growth restriction on glucose metabolism in the
newborn. NeoReview. 2005;5:e365-8.
17. Thilo EH, Rosenberg AA. The newborn infant. In: Hay WW,
Hayward AR, Levin MJ, Sondheimer JM, editors. Current
pediatric diagnosis & treatment. Edisi ke-5. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 2001; p. 17-20.
18. Bazaes RA, Salazar TE, Pittaluga E, Pena V, Alegria A, Iniguez
G, et al. Glucose and lipid metabolism in small for gestational
age infants at 48 hours of age. Pediatrics. 2003; 111:804-9.
19. Canadian pediatric society. Screening guideliness for
newborn at risk for low blood glucose. Pediatr Child Health.
2004;9:723-8.
20. Hoseth E, Joergensen A, Ebbesen F, Moeller M. Blood glucose
levels in a population of healty, breast fed, term infants of
appropriate size for gestational age. Arch Dis Child Fetal
Neonatal. 2000;83: 117-9.
21. Costello AML, Pal OK, Manandhar OS, Rajbhandari S, Land
JM, Patel N. Neonatal hypoglycaemia in Nepal2. Availability
of alternative fuels. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal. 2000;82:
F52-8.
22. Gab bay KH. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Dalam:
Avery ME, Taeusch HW, penyunting. Schaffer's diseases of
the newborn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1984;
p. 514-21.
23. Marasco L, MariaS dan West D. How to get your milk supply
off to a good start. New Beginning. 2005;22:142-7.
24. Wight NE. Hypoglycemia in breastfed neonates. Breast-
feeding Magazine. 2006; 1:253-60.
25. Cowett RM, Farrag HM. Neonatal glucose metabolism. In:
Cowett RM, penyunting. Principles of perinatal-neonatal
metabolism. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, Inc., 1998;
p. 683-96.
Published
2009-03-01
How to Cite
1.
Pangaribuan E, Lubis B, Sianturi P, Azlin E, Tjipta G. Comparison of blood glucose levels in breastfed vs. formula-fed low birth weight infants. PI [Internet]. 1Mar.2009 [cited 13Nov.2024];49(1):15-. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/450
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Received 2016-09-05
Accepted 2016-09-05
Published 2009-03-01
Accepted 2016-09-05
Published 2009-03-01
