Challenges and opportunities to improve tuberculosis care for Indonesian children
Keywords:
tuberculosis; child; detect; treat; preventAbstract
No abstract for editorial
References
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3. Martinez L, Cords O, Horsburgh CR, Andrews JR; Pediatric TB Contact Studies Consortium. The risk of tuberculosis in children after close exposure: a systematic review and individual-participant meta-analysis. Lancet. 2020;395:973-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30166-5
4. Noviyani A, Nopsopon T, Pongpirul K. Variation of tuberculosis prevalence across diagnostic approaches and geographical areas of Indonesia. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0258809. DOI: https://doi.org10.1371/journal.pone.0258809
5. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia and WHO. Indonesia TB Joint External Monitoring Mission Report, 4-15 December 2022. [cited 2024 Dec 4]. Available from: https://domes.un.or.id/api/v1/download?filename=keshif/474cac0e-8df0-449b-a771-f2bcde6056d6.pdf
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8. Olbrich L, Franckling-Smith Z, Larsson L, Sabi I, Ntinginya NE, Khosa C, et al; RaPaed-AIDA-TB consortium. Sequential and parallel testing for microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis disease in children in five low-income and middle- income countries: a secondary analysis of the RaPaed-TB study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024:S1473-3099(24)00494-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00494-8
9. Chani K, Athallah A, Colquhoun S, Tsheten T, Huang K, Chirenda J, et al. Proportions of Xpert Ultra trace result vary widely among populations with presumptive tuberculosis: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis . 2025 (in press)
10. Lestari BW, Mc Allister S, Hadisoemarto PF, Afifah N, Jani ID, Murray M, et al. Patient pathways and delays to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in an urban setting in Indonesia. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2020;5:100059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100059
11. Lestari BW, Hadisoemarto PF, Afifah N, McAllister S, Fattah D, Salindri AD, et al. Tuberculosis care provided by private practitioners in an urban setting in Indonesia: Findings from a standardized patient study. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2024;4:e0003311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003311
12. de Haas P, Nhung NV, Hng NT, Hoà NB, Loan NB, Thanh NTK, et al. Introduction of the simple one-step stool Xpert Ultra method to detect TB in children and adults. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023;27:19-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.22.0161
13. Mafirakureva N, Klinkenberg E, Spruijt I, Levy J, Shaweno D, de Haas P, et al. Xpert Ultra stool testing to diagnose tuberculosis in children in Ethiopia and Indonesia: a modelbased cost-effectiveness analysis. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e058388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058388
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18. Triasih R, Graham SM. Limitations of the Indonesian Pediatric Tuberculosis Scoring System in the context of child contact investigation. Paediatr Indones. 2011;51:332-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14238/pi51.6.2011.332-7
19. Chabala C, Roucher C, Ton Nu Nguyet MH, Babirekere E, Inambao M, et al. Development of tuberculosis treatment decision algorithms in children below 5 years hospitalised with severe acute malnutrition in Zambia and Uganda: a prospective diagnostic cohort study. EClinMed. 2024;73:102688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102688
20. Triasih R, Yani FF, Wulandari DA, Nababan B, Ardiyamustaqim MB, Meyanti F, et al. Treatment-decision algorithm of child TB: evaluation of WHO algorithm and development of Indonesia algorithm. Trop Med Int Health. 2025. Not peer-reviewed version. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.0256.v1
21. du Preez K, Gabardo BMA, Kabra SK, Triasih R, Lestari T, Kal M, et al. Priority activities in child and adolescent tuberculosis to close the policy-practice gap in low- and middle-income countries. Pathogens. 2022;11:196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11020196
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25. The Union. Atlas radiografi toraks untuk diagnosis tuberkulosis pada anak. Sebuah panduan untuk interpretasi radiografi toraks. Edisi kedua. 2022. [cited 2024 Oct 10]. Available from: https://theunion.org/technical-publications/diagnostic-cxr-atlas-for-tuberculosis-in-children-bahasa-indonesia Accessed October 10, 2024.
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27. Edem VF, Nkereuwem E, Agbla SC, Owusu SA, Sillah AK, Saidy B, et al. Accuracy of CAD4TB (Computer Aided Detection for Tuberculosis) on paediatric chest radiographs. Eur Respir J. 2024;64:2400811. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00811-2024
28. Zawedde-Muyanja S, Nakanwagi A, Dongo JP, Sekadde MP, Nyinoburyo R, Ssentongo G, et al. Decentralisation of child tuberculosis services increases case finding and uptake of preventive therapy in Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22:1314-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.18.0025
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57. Marks GB, Nguyen NV, Nguyen PTB, Nguyen TA, Nguyen HB, Tran KH, et al. Community-wide screening for tuberculosis in a high-prevalence setting. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1347-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1902129
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2. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Revised national strategy of tuberculosis care and prevention in Indonesia 2020-2024 and interim plan for 2025-2026. [cited 2025 Jan 5]. Available from: https://www.tbindonesia.org.id/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Revised-NSP-TB-2020-2024-and-interim-plan-2025-2026_final_ttd-1.pdf
3. Martinez L, Cords O, Horsburgh CR, Andrews JR; Pediatric TB Contact Studies Consortium. The risk of tuberculosis in children after close exposure: a systematic review and individual-participant meta-analysis. Lancet. 2020;395:973-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30166-5
4. Noviyani A, Nopsopon T, Pongpirul K. Variation of tuberculosis prevalence across diagnostic approaches and geographical areas of Indonesia. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0258809. DOI: https://doi.org10.1371/journal.pone.0258809
5. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia and WHO. Indonesia TB Joint External Monitoring Mission Report, 4-15 December 2022. [cited 2024 Dec 4]. Available from: https://domes.un.or.id/api/v1/download?filename=keshif/474cac0e-8df0-449b-a771-f2bcde6056d6.pdf
6. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 5: Management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 [cited 2024 Dec 6]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240046764
7. WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Module 5: Management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 [cited 2024 Dec 6]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240046832
8. Olbrich L, Franckling-Smith Z, Larsson L, Sabi I, Ntinginya NE, Khosa C, et al; RaPaed-AIDA-TB consortium. Sequential and parallel testing for microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis disease in children in five low-income and middle- income countries: a secondary analysis of the RaPaed-TB study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024:S1473-3099(24)00494-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00494-8
9. Chani K, Athallah A, Colquhoun S, Tsheten T, Huang K, Chirenda J, et al. Proportions of Xpert Ultra trace result vary widely among populations with presumptive tuberculosis: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis . 2025 (in press)
10. Lestari BW, Mc Allister S, Hadisoemarto PF, Afifah N, Jani ID, Murray M, et al. Patient pathways and delays to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in an urban setting in Indonesia. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2020;5:100059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100059
11. Lestari BW, Hadisoemarto PF, Afifah N, McAllister S, Fattah D, Salindri AD, et al. Tuberculosis care provided by private practitioners in an urban setting in Indonesia: Findings from a standardized patient study. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2024;4:e0003311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003311
12. de Haas P, Nhung NV, Hng NT, Hoà NB, Loan NB, Thanh NTK, et al. Introduction of the simple one-step stool Xpert Ultra method to detect TB in children and adults. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023;27:19-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.22.0161
13. Mafirakureva N, Klinkenberg E, Spruijt I, Levy J, Shaweno D, de Haas P, et al. Xpert Ultra stool testing to diagnose tuberculosis in children in Ethiopia and Indonesia: a modelbased cost-effectiveness analysis. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e058388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058388
14. Evident Indonesia. Evaluasi dan demonstrasi modalitas diagnostik baru untuk penyakit tuberkulosis di Indonesia. [cited 2024 Dec 9]. Available from: www.evident.rc3id.unpad.ac.id
15. The Union. Diagnosis and management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. A desk guide for primary health care workers. Fourth edition. 2023. Graham SM, Oliwa JN. [cited 2024 Dec 6]. Available from: https://theunion.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/Child%20TB%20Desk%20Guide%202023_Asia.pdf
16. Gunasekera K, Marcy O, Munoz J, López-Varela E, Sekadde MP, Franke MF, et al. Development and validation of treatment-decision algorithms for children evaluated for pulmonary tuberculosis: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Child Adol Health, 2023;7:336-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.13.22279911
17. Hatherill M, Hanslo M, Hawkridge T, Little F, Workman L, Mahomed H, et al. Structured approaches for the screening and diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis in a high prevalence region of South Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88:312-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.09.062893
18. Triasih R, Graham SM. Limitations of the Indonesian Pediatric Tuberculosis Scoring System in the context of child contact investigation. Paediatr Indones. 2011;51:332-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14238/pi51.6.2011.332-7
19. Chabala C, Roucher C, Ton Nu Nguyet MH, Babirekere E, Inambao M, et al. Development of tuberculosis treatment decision algorithms in children below 5 years hospitalised with severe acute malnutrition in Zambia and Uganda: a prospective diagnostic cohort study. EClinMed. 2024;73:102688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102688
20. Triasih R, Yani FF, Wulandari DA, Nababan B, Ardiyamustaqim MB, Meyanti F, et al. Treatment-decision algorithm of child TB: evaluation of WHO algorithm and development of Indonesia algorithm. Trop Med Int Health. 2025. Not peer-reviewed version. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202501.0256.v1
21. du Preez K, Gabardo BMA, Kabra SK, Triasih R, Lestari T, Kal M, et al. Priority activities in child and adolescent tuberculosis to close the policy-practice gap in low- and middle-income countries. Pathogens. 2022;11:196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11020196
22. The Union. Diagnostic CXR atlas for tuberculosis in children. A guide to chest X-ray interpretation. Second Edition. 2022. Palmer M, Seddon JA, Goussard P, Schaaf HS. [cited 2025 Jan 5]. Available from: https://theunion.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/The%20Union_Diagnostic%20Atlas%20for%20TB%20in%20Children_2022.pdf
23. The Union. Online course for interpretation of CXRs in children with presumptive TB. [cited 2024 Oct 10]. Available from: https://coursesonline.theunion.org/theunion/2023/interpretation-of-chest-x-rays-in-children-with-tb/393947
24. The Union. Diagnostic CXR atlas for tuberculosis in children - image library. [cited 2024 Oct 10]. Available from: https://atlaschild.theunion.org/
25. The Union. Atlas radiografi toraks untuk diagnosis tuberkulosis pada anak. Sebuah panduan untuk interpretasi radiografi toraks. Edisi kedua. 2022. [cited 2024 Oct 10]. Available from: https://theunion.org/technical-publications/diagnostic-cxr-atlas-for-tuberculosis-in-children-bahasa-indonesia Accessed October 10, 2024.
26. Palmer M, Seddon JA, van der Zalm MM, Hesseling AC, Goussard P, Schaaf HS, et al. Optimising computer aided detection to identify intra-thoracic tuberculosis on chest x-ray in South African children. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2023;3:e0001799. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001799
27. Edem VF, Nkereuwem E, Agbla SC, Owusu SA, Sillah AK, Saidy B, et al. Accuracy of CAD4TB (Computer Aided Detection for Tuberculosis) on paediatric chest radiographs. Eur Respir J. 2024;64:2400811. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00811-2024
28. Zawedde-Muyanja S, Nakanwagi A, Dongo JP, Sekadde MP, Nyinoburyo R, Ssentongo G, et al. Decentralisation of child tuberculosis services increases case finding and uptake of preventive therapy in Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22:1314-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.18.0025
29. Lestari T, Kamaludin, Lowbridge C, Kenangalem E, Poespoprodjo JR, Graham SM, et al. Impacts of tuberculosis services strengthening and the COVID-19 pandemic on case detection and treatment outcomes in Mimika District, Papua, Indonesia: 2014-2021. PLoS Glob Pub Health. 2022;2:e0001114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001114
30. OpenWHO.e-course Management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents for health care workers. [cited 2024 Oct 20]. Available from: https://openwho.org/courses/TB-child-adolescent-EN
31. OpenWHO. E-learning course on TB in children and adolescents: programmatic considerations. [cited 2024 Oct 20]. Available from: https://openwho.org/courses/TB-child-adolescent-programmatic
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Graham SM, Dwihardiani B, Felisia F, Koesoemadinata RC, Putri ND, Alisjahbana B, Lestari T, Yani FF, Triasih R. Challenges and opportunities to improve tuberculosis care for Indonesian children. PI [Internet]. 2025Feb.24 [cited 2025Apr.22];65(1). Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/3955
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Received 2025-01-06
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Accepted 2025-02-24
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