Cotinine and interferon-gamma levels in pre-school children exposed to household tobacco smoke
Keywords:
environmental tobacco smoke, nicotine, IFN-g, pre-school children
Abstract
Background Environmental tobacco smoke has been consistently linked to negative health outcomes, especially in children, including an increased susceptibility to infections. Cigarette smoking has a depressive effect on interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Serum cotinine is a marker of exposure to smoke.Objective To determine the association between serum cotinine and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels in children with household tobacco smoke exposure.
Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study at the Tumumpa and Singkil Districts of Manado, Indonesia, from February to May 2012. Subjects were collected by consecutively sampling of healthy children aged 1-3 years who came to the integrated health posts. Seventy-four children were recruited and consisted of two groups of 37 subjects each, the tobacco smoke exposure group and the non-tobacco smoke exposure group. Blood specimens were collected from all subjects for laboratory blood tests of cotinine and IFN-γ levels. Results were analyzed by T-test and Pearson’s correlation analysis with a P<0.05 is considered as statistically significant.
Results There was no significant correlation between serum cotinine and interferon-γ levels in the tobacco smoke exposure group. However, the interferon-γ level in the tobacco smoke exposure group was significantly lower than that of the non-tobacco smoke exposure group (P<0.0001).
Conclusion Cotinine is not related to the interferon-γ level in children exposed to tobacco smoke, however, the interferon-γ level in children with tobacco smoke exposure is lower than in the non-tobacco smoke exposure group.
References
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2. Arcavi L, Benowitz NL. Cigarette smoking and infection. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2206-16.
3. Tebow G, Sherrill DL, Lohman IC, Stern DA, Wright AL, Martinez FD, et al. Effect of parental smoking on interferon gamma production in children. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e1563-9.
4. Lin TC, Krishnaswamy G, Chi DS. Incense smoke: clinical, structural and molecular effects on airway disease. Clin Mol Allergy. 2008;6:3.
5. de Leon J, Diaz FJ, Rogers T, Browne D, Dinsmore L, Ghosheh OH, et al. Total cotinine in plasma: a stable biomarker for exposure to tobacco smoke. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22:496-501.
6. Jarvis MJ, Fidler J, Mindell J, Feyerabend C, West R. Assessing smoking status in children, adolescents and adults: cotinine cut-points revisited. Addiction. 2008;103:1553-61.
7. B Billiau A, Matthys P. Interferon-gamma: a historical perspective. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2009;20:97-113.
8. Shtrichman R, Samuel CE. The role of gamma interferon in antimicrobial immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2001;4:251-9.
9. Schroder K, Hertzog PJ, Ravasi T, Hume DA. Interferon-gamma : an overview of signals, mechanism and function. J Leukoc Biol. 2004;75:163-89.
10. DiFranza JR, Aligne CA. Prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and children’s health. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1007-15.
11. Kurn-Nji P, Meloy L, Herrod HG. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure: prevalence and mechanism of causation of infections in children. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1745-54.
12. Kim HY, Ihm SH, Cho EJ, Jeon DS, Baek SH, Youn HJ, et al. Is systemic inflammation associated with passive smoke exposure? A population-based observational study. Korean Circ J. 2006;36:510-15.
13. Best D, Committee on Environmental Health, Committee on Native American Child Health, Committee on Adolescence. Secondhand and prenatal tobacco smoke exposure. Pediatrics. 2009;124:e1017-44.
14. Lanphear BP, Wright RO, Dietrich KN. Environmental neurotoxins. Pediatr Rev. 2005;26:191-7.
15. Marano C, Schober SE, Brody DJ, Zhang C. Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure among children and adolescents: United States 2003-2006. Pediatrics. 2009;124:1299-305.
16. Yolton K, Dietrich K, Auinger P, Lanphear BP, Hornung R. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cognitive abilities among US children and adolescents. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:98-103.
17. Benowitz NL. Biomarkers of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 1999;107:349-55.
18. Vassallo R, Tamada K, Lau JS, Kroening PR, Chen L. Cigarette smoke extract suppresses human dendritic cell function leading to preferential induction of Th-2 priming. J Immunol. 2005;175:2684-91.
19. Nouri-Shirazi M, Guinet E. Evidence for the immunosuppressive role of nicotine in human dendritic cell functions. Immunology. 2003;109:365-73.
20. Nouri-Shirazi M, Guinet E. A possible mechanism linking cigarette smoke to higher incidence of respiratory infection and asthma. Immunol Lett. 2006;103:167-76.
Published
2013-10-30
How to Cite
1.
Kalalo L, Takumansang-Sondakh D, Wahani A. Cotinine and interferon-gamma levels in pre-school children exposed to household tobacco smoke. PI [Internet]. 30Oct.2013 [cited 23Dec.2024];53(5):287-0. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/308
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Received 2016-08-21
Accepted 2016-08-21
Published 2013-10-30
Accepted 2016-08-21
Published 2013-10-30
