Television watching time and cognitive development in young children
Keywords:
television watching time, cognitive, playgroup, Mullen test
Abstract
Background Television viewing for children is prevalent. Therehave been few Indonesian studies on the association between
duration of television watching and cognitive development in
young children.
Objective To assess cognitive development in young children who
watched < 1 hour, 1-2 hours, or > 2 hours of television daily.
Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study at 6 prekindergartens
in Denpasar, Bah. We included 135 subjects in this
study. Cognitive development was measured by the Mullen Scales
ofEarly Learning (MSEL). Data was analyzed by one-way analysis
of variance (ANOVA) test, post-hoc test, and univariate analysis
of covariance (ANCOVA) with significance level of P < 0.05.
Results There were significant differences among composite
standard score in children who watched television < 1 hour, 1-2
hours, and> 2 hours per day (P=0.035). The mean composite
standard score in children who watched television 1-2 hours daily
was 6.087 points higher than in those who watched television
< 1 hour daily (P=0.013, 95%CI 1.29 to 10.88) and 4.213
points higher than in those who watched television > 2 hours
daily (P=0.045, 95%CI 1.08 to 8.51). There was an association
between television watching time and cognitive development
(P=0.001).
Conclusion Television watching time was statistically associated
with cognitive development in young children, where those
viewing television 1-2 hours daily scoring significantly higher than
those viewing < 1 hour and > 2 hours daily. [Paediatr lndones.
2012;52:32-7].
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in the digital age: issues and challenges. Am Behav Sci.
2009;52:1152-76.
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pengaruhnya terhadap anak. Sari Pediatri. 2007;9:44-7.
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for the assessment of young children with autism spectrum
disorder. Child Neuropsychology. 2006;12:269-77.
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television viewing in primary school children evaluated by
the child behavior checklist. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
2002; 156:910-4.
16. Stone WL, McMahon CR, Yoder PJ, Walden TA. Early
social-communicative and cognitive development of younger
siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders. Arch
Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007; 161 :384-90.
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J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of an intervention for
toddlers with autism: the early start Denver model. Pediatrics.
2010; 125: 17-23.
18. Linebarger DL, KosanicAZ, Greenwood CR, DokuNS. Effect
of watching the television program Between the Lions on the
emergent literacy skill of young children. J Educ Psycho!.
2004;96:297-308.
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Television's impact on children's reading comprehension
and decoding skills: a 3-year panel study. Read Res Q.
1997;32:128-52.
20. Wright JC, Huston AC, Murphy KC, Peters M, Pinon M,
Scantlin R, et al. The relations of early television watching
to school readiness and vocabulary of children from low
income families: the early window project. Child Devel.
2001;72:1347-66.
21. Polakovich IDA, Lorch EP, Milich R, Ashby RD. Disentangling
the relation between television watching and cognitive
processes in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder and comparison children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
2006; 160:3 5 4-60.
22. Thompson DA, Christakis DA. The association between
television watching and irregular sleep schedules among
children less than 3 years of age. Pediatrics. 2004:
116:851-6.
23. Sharif!, Sargent JD. Association between television, movie,
and video game exposure and school performance. Pediatrics.
2005;118:1061-70.
advertising. JAMA. 2006;295:1698-9.
2. Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA. Children's television
viewing and outcomes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
2005; 159:619-25.
3. Chen M. Mendampingi anak me non ton televisi. Jakarta: PT
Gramedia Pustaka Utama; 2005.
4. Vandewater EA, Bickham DS, Lee JH. Time will spent?
Relating television use to children's free-rime activities.
Pediatrics. 2005;117:181-91.
5. Hancox RJ, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Association of television
viewing during childhood with poor educational achievement.
Arch Pediatr AdolescMed. 2005;159:614-8.
6. Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA, Meltzoff AN. Association
between media viewing and language development in
children under age 2 years. J Pediatr. 2005;151:364-8.
36 • Paediatr lrulones, Vol. 52, No. 1, January 2012
7. Zimmerman FJ, Glew GM, Christakis DA, Katon W.
Early cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and
television watching as predictors of subsequent bullying
among grade-school children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
2005; 159:384-8.
8. Vandewater EA, Rideout VJ, Wartella EA, Huang X, Lee JH,
Shim M. Digital childhood: electronic media and technology
use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Pediatrics.
2007; 119: 1006-15.
9. Vandewater EA, Lee SJ. Measuring children's media use
in the digital age: issues and challenges. Am Behav Sci.
2009;52:1152-76.
10. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, Brook JS. Extensive television
viewing and the development of attention and learning
difficulties during adolescence. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
2007;161:480-6.
11. American Academy of Pediatrics. Media education.
Pediatrics. l 999;104:341-3.
12. American Academy of Pediatrics. Children, adolescents, and
television. Pediatrics. 2001; 107 :423-6.
13. Tarigan T, Ervani N, Lubis S. Pola menonton televisi dan
pengaruhnya terhadap anak. Sari Pediatri. 2007;9:44-7.
14. Akshoomoff N. Use of the Mullen scales of early learning
for the assessment of young children with autism spectrum
disorder. Child Neuropsychology. 2006;12:269-77.
15. Ozmert E, Toyran M, Yurdakok K. Behavioral correlates of
television viewing in primary school children evaluated by
the child behavior checklist. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
2002; 156:910-4.
16. Stone WL, McMahon CR, Yoder PJ, Walden TA. Early
social-communicative and cognitive development of younger
siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders. Arch
Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007; 161 :384-90.
17. Dawson G, Rogers S, Munson], SmithM, Winter J, Greenson
J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of an intervention for
toddlers with autism: the early start Denver model. Pediatrics.
2010; 125: 17-23.
18. Linebarger DL, KosanicAZ, Greenwood CR, DokuNS. Effect
of watching the television program Between the Lions on the
emergent literacy skill of young children. J Educ Psycho!.
2004;96:297-308.
19. Kooistra CM, Van der Voort THA, Van der Kamp LJT.
Television's impact on children's reading comprehension
and decoding skills: a 3-year panel study. Read Res Q.
1997;32:128-52.
20. Wright JC, Huston AC, Murphy KC, Peters M, Pinon M,
Scantlin R, et al. The relations of early television watching
to school readiness and vocabulary of children from low
income families: the early window project. Child Devel.
2001;72:1347-66.
21. Polakovich IDA, Lorch EP, Milich R, Ashby RD. Disentangling
the relation between television watching and cognitive
processes in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder and comparison children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
2006; 160:3 5 4-60.
22. Thompson DA, Christakis DA. The association between
television watching and irregular sleep schedules among
children less than 3 years of age. Pediatrics. 2004:
116:851-6.
23. Sharif!, Sargent JD. Association between television, movie,
and video game exposure and school performance. Pediatrics.
2005;118:1061-70.
Published
2012-03-30
How to Cite
1.
Antari A, Windiani IG, Ismail D. Television watching time and cognitive development in young children. PI [Internet]. 30Mar.2012 [cited 20Apr.2024];52(1):32-7. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/296
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Received 2016-08-21
Accepted 2016-08-21
Published 2012-03-30
Accepted 2016-08-21
Published 2012-03-30
