Childhood obesity as a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  • Marco Raditya
  • Fabiola Cathleen
  • Daniell Edward Raharjo Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia
  • Kristian Kurniawan
Keywords: : childhood obesity; adult diabetes mellitus type 2; BMI; predictor

Abstract

Background Despite government-developed prevention programs, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has continued to increase, suggesting that the programs are ineffective. Other potential risk factors, such as childhood obesity, may influence adult-onset diabetes.

Objective To assess for a potential association between childhood obesity and adult type 2 DM by meta-analysis of the literature.

Methods This review was conducted according to the PRISMA Statements' Flow Diagram and Checklist to improve quality of reporting. Cohort studies were chosen for their long-term follow-up. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Cohorts (NOS-Cohort) was used to assess for bias and quality of the included studies, in addition to the Cochrane Handbook. Analysis was done with forest and funnel plots using RevMan 5.3 software for Macintosh.

Results A total of 237 records with 73,533 participants were retrieved, of which 10 studies were included in our systematic review and 5 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The most common bias based on NOS-Cohort was inadequate follow-up. Forest plot revealed a significant association between childhood obesity and adult diabetes (OR 3.89; 95%CI 2.97-5.09; I2 0%; P<0.00001). Individuals with childhood obesity were 3.89 times more likely to have adult-onset diabetes. Funnel plot assessment was symmetrical. Studies suggested that childhood obesity led to early insulin resistance and adiposity rebound, which promotes adulthood obesity, a diabetic risk factor.

Conclusion Childhood obesity can be used as a predictor for adult-onset diabetes. Early diabetes screening and prevention guidelines should include childhood obesity as a plausible risk factor.

References

1. WHO. Global report on diabetes [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. [cited 17 October 2018]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf;js%20essionid=A7912CC161AA96C10897A5FDFD182DA4?sequence=1
2. WHO. Diabetes [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; Nov 10 2021. [cited 18 Feb 2022]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
3. Kassebaum N, Arora M, Barber R, Bhutta Z, Brown J, Carter A, et al. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1603-58. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31460-x
4. Boyko EJ, Magliano DJ, Karuranga S, Piemonte L, Riley P, Saeedi P, et al. International Diabetes Foundation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2021. ISBN: 978-2-930229-98-0. p.33
5. Whitmore C. Type 2 diabetes and obesity in adults. Br J Nurs. 2010;19:880-6. DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2010.19.14.49041
6. Kapetanakis V, Rudnicka A, Wathern A, Lennon L, Papacosta O, Cook D, et al. Adiposity in early, middle and later adult life and cardiometabolic risk markers in later life; findings from the British Regional Heart Study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e114289. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0114289
7. Cole TJ. Children grow and horses race: is the adiposity rebound a critical period for later obesity? BMC Pediatr. 2004;4:6. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-4-6
8. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2006. [cited 19 October 2018]. Available from: http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/ Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of% 20diabetes_new.pdf
9. Al Mamun A, Cramb S, O'Callaghan M, Williams G, Najman J. Childhood overweight status predicts diabetes at age 21 years: a follow-up study. Obesity. 2009;17:1255-61. DOI:10.1038/oby.2008.660
10. Eriksson JG, Kajantie E, Lampl M, Osmond C. Trajectories of body mass index amongst children who develop type 2 diabetes as adults. J Intern Med. 2015;278:219-26. DOI:10.1111/joim.12354
11. Forsén T, Eriksson J, Tuomilehto J, Reunanen A, Osmond C, Barker D. The fetal and childhood growth of persons who develop type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:176-82. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00008
12. Tirosh A, Shai I, Afek A, Dubnov-Raz G, Ayalon N, Gordon B, et al. Adolescent BMI trajectory and risk of diabetes versus coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1315-25. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1006992
13. Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Clark H, Leon DA. The associations of birthweight, gestational age and childhood BMI with type 2 diabetes: findings from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort. Diabetologia. 2006;49:2614-7. DOI:10.1007/s00125-006-0408-z
14. Hyppönen E, Power C, Smith GD. Prenatal growth, BMI, and risk of type 2 diabetes by early midlife. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2512-7. DOI:10.2337/diacare.26.9.2512
15. Power C, Thomas C. Changes in BMI, duration of overweight and obesity, and glucose metabolism: 45 years of follow-up of a birth cohort. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1986-91. DOI:10.2337/dc10-1482
16. Hou D, Zhao X, Liu J, Chen F, Yan Y, Cheng H, et al. Association of childhood and adolescents obesity with adult diabetes. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2016;50:23-7. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2016.01.005
17. Liang Y, Hou D, Zhao X, Wang L, Hu Y, Liu J, et al. Childhood obesity affects adult metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Endocrine. 2015;50:87-92. DOI:10.1007/s12020-015-0560-7
18. Ji CY. Report on childhood obesity in China (1)--body mass index reference for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese school-age children. Biomed Environ Sci. 2005;18(6):390-400.
19. Morrison JA, Glueck CJ, Horn PS, Wang P. Childhood predictors of adult type 2 diabetes at 9- and 26-year follow-ups. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164:53-60. DOI:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.228.
Published
2022-04-12
How to Cite
1.
Raditya M, Cathleen F, Raharjo DE, Kurniawan K. Childhood obesity as a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PI [Internet]. 12Apr.2022 [cited 28Mar.2024];62(2):120-. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/2599
Section
Pediatric Endocrinology
Received 2021-01-30
Accepted 2022-04-12
Published 2022-04-12