Flat foot at 5 to 6-year-old and history of delayed walking
Abstract
Background Flat foot, also known as pes planus, is a common problem in daily pediatric practice. For most children, this physiologic condition gradually disappears with age. However, flat foot that persists after the age of four might have developmental coordination disorder in the future and it may relate to the history of delayed walking .
Objective To determine the prevalence of delayed walking in children with pes planus compared to children with normal foot curvature and to assess for a possible association between flat foot and history of delayed walking.
Methods This cross-sectional study was done in 120 children aged 5-6 years. Foot curvature was evaluated by wet footprint test. Inclusion criteria include children in 3 playgroups in Tangerang from January to August 2018, in children aged 5-6 years. Children with history of neurologic diseases, genetic disorders, chronic diseases, disorders of the lower extremities except pes planus, and obesity were excluded. Grading of pes planus refers to Olivier et al. criteria and evaluation of delayed walking at 18-month-old was done through history taking from their parents.
Results Of 120 children, 41 (34.2%) had pes planus while 11 (9.2%) had a history of delayed walking. Of those 11 children, 9 had pes planus. Most children with pes planus had grade I (78%). There was a significant association between pes planus and delayed walking (OR=10.8; 95%CI 2.2 to 52,9; P=0.001;).
Conclusion In 5-6-year-old children, there is a significant association between pes planus grade 2 & 3 and history of delayed walking early in life. Wet footprint test screening for children with a history or signs of delayed walking may be used to identify pes planus in order to implement treatment in a timely manner.
References
Banwell HA, Paris ME, Mackintosh S, Williams CM. Paediatric flexible flat foot: how are we measuring it and are we getting it right? A systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res. 2018;11:21. DOI: 10.1186/s13047-018-0264-3.
Antar N, Nugraha M, Dewi A. Pelayanan fisioterapi pemeriksaan bentuk arkus pedis (normal foot, flat foot, dan cavus foot) dan pemeriksaan pola berjalan (stride length, step length, cadence, dan speed) pada anak di SDN 8 Dauh Puri Denpasar. Buletin Udayana Mengabdi. 2019;18. p.85-92. DOI: 10.24843/BUM.2019.v18.i03.p15.
Pauk J, Ezerskiy V, Raso J, Rogalski M. Epidemiologic factors affecting plantar arch development in children with flat feet. J Am Podiat Medical Assoc. 2012;102:114-21. DOI: 10.7547/1020114.
Pfeiffer M, Kotz R, Ledl T, Hauser G, Sluga M. Prevalence of flat foot in preschool-aged children. Pediatrics. 2006;118:634-9. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-2126.
Chen JP, Chung MJ, Wang MJ. Flatfoot prevalence and foot dimensions of 5– to 13-year-old children in Taiwan. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30:326-32. DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2009.0326.
Syafi’i M, Pudjiastuti SS, Prihantiko PK. Beda pengaruh arkus kaki terhadap keseimbangan statis anak usia 9-12 tahun di SD Negeri Mojolegi Teras, Boyolali. J Kesehatan. 2016;7:351-4. DOI: 10.26630/jk.v7i3.215.
Uden H, Scharfbillig R, Causby R. The typically developing paediatric foot: how flat should it be? A systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res. 2017;10:37. DOI: 10.1186/s13047-017-0218-1.
Nemeth B. The diagnosis and management of common childhood orthopedic disorders. Curr Prob Paediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2011;41:2–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.10.004.
Sadeghi-Demneh E, Azadinia F, Jafarian F, Shamsi F, Melvin JM, Jafarpishe M, et al. Flatfoot and obesity in school-age children: a cross-sectional study. Clin Obes. 2016;6:42–50. DOI: 10.1111/cob.12125.
Chen KC, Tung LC, Tung CH, Yeh CJ, Yang JF, Wang CH. An investigation of the factors affecting flatfoot in children with delayed motor development. Res Dev Disabil. 2014;35:639-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.12.012.
Westcott SL, Lowes LP, Richardson PK. Evaluation of postural stability in children: current theories and assessment tools. Phys Ther. 1997;77:629–45. DOI: 10.1093/ptj/77.6.629.
Napolitano C, Walsh S, Mahoney L, McCrae J. Risk factors that may adversely modify the natural history of the pediatric pronated foot. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000;17:397–417. PMID: 10943496.
Chen IC, Chen CL, Wong MK, Chung CY, Chen CH, Sun CH. Clinical analysis of 1048 children with developmental delay. Chang Gung Med J. 2002;25:743–50. PMID: 12553362.
Suwarba I, Widodo D, Handryastuti R. Profil klinis dan etiologi pasien keterlambatan perkembangan global di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Sari Pediatri. 2008;10:255-61. DOI: 10.14238/sp10.4.2008.255-61.
Venetsanou F, Kambas A. Environmental factors affecting preschoolers’ motor development. Early Childhood Educ J. 2010;37:319-27. DOI: 10.1007/s10643-009-0350-z.
Carr JB, Yang S, Lather LA. Pediatric pes planus: a state-of-the-art review. Pediatrics. 2016;137:e20151230. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-1230.
Morrison SC, Ferrari J, Smillie S. Assessment of gait characteristics and orthotic management in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: preliminary findings to inform multidisciplinary care. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34:3197-201. DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.06.012.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Pedoman Pelaksanaan Stimulasi, Deteksi dan Intervensi Dini Tumbuh Kembang Anak Ditingkat Pelayanan Kesehatan Dasar. 2016. pp.29-64. Retrieved from: http://e-cinta.com/uploads/resource/Buku_SDIDTK_Bab_I-V.pdf.
Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia. Asuhan Nutrisi Pediatrik (Pediatric Nutrition Care). In: Sjarif DR, Nasar SS, Devaera Y, Tanjung C, editors. 1st Edition. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia; 2011. p.5-6.
Luthfie SH. Prevalensi pes planus pada calon jemaah haji Jakarta Timur, 2007. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran. 2012;39:118–9.
Olivier G, Vallois HV, MacConaill MA. In: Practical anthropology. Springfield: Charles C Thomas; 1969. p. 31–8.
Srivastava S, Singh NK, Gupta VK, Sharma KN. Flat feet: a study of 297 school children. Proceedings of the APOCON 2005 5th Annual Conference of Physio-Occupational Therapy; 2005 Feb. 11-13; Allahabad: Tamanna Institute of Allied Health Science Allahabad; 2005.
Suciati T, Adnindya MR, Septadina IS, Pratiwi PP. Correlation between flat feet and body mass index in primary school students. J Physics. 2019;1246:1-5. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1246/1/012063.
Mauch M, Grau S, Krauss I, Maiwald C, Horstmann T. Foot morphology of normal, underweight and overweight children. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:1068-75. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.52.
Copyright (c) 2020 Gilbert Sterling Octavius, Thalia Sugiarto, Fransisca Handy, Rima Natasha Hartanto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Accepted 2020-11-13
Published 2020-11-13
