Growth and developmental delay risk factors among under-five children in an inner-city slum area

Hartono Gunardi; Resyana P. Nugraheni; Annisa R. Yulman; Soedjatmiko Soedjatmiko; Rini Sekartini; Bernie E. Medise; Angga Wirahmadi; Elizabeth Melina

doi:10.14238/pi59.5.2019.276-83

Hartono Gunardi Department of Child Health, University of Indonesia, Medical School/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta
Resyana P. Nugraheni Department of Child Health Universitas Indonesia Medical School/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
Annisa R. Yulman Department of Child Health Universitas Indonesia Medical School/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
Soedjatmiko Soedjatmiko Department of Child Health Universitas Indonesia Medical School/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
Rini Sekartini Department of Child Health Universitas Indonesia Medical School/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
Bernie E. Medise Department of Child Health Universitas Indonesia Medical School/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
Angga Wirahmadi Department of Child Health Universitas Indonesia Medical School/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
Elizabeth Melina Universitas Indonesia Medical School

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14238/pi59.5.2019.276-83

Keywords: children, development, growth, slum area

Abstract

Background Growth and developmental delays are common among children under the age of five years (under-five children), especially in slum areas. Early detection and intervention may give better prognoses.

Objective To detect growth and developmental delays and related risk factors among under-five children living in an inner-city slum area of the Indonesian capital.

Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November 2018 in Tanah Tinggi, Johar Baru District, an inner-city slum area in Central Jakarta. Subjects were healthy children aged 3â€“60 months. Socioeconomic profile was obtained through questionnaires, anthropometric data through measurements, and developmental status through the Kuesioner Pra Skrining Perkembangan (KPSP) instrument. Development was considered to be delayed for KPSP scores <9. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test.

Results Of 211 subjects, prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting were 35.1%, 28.0%, and 20.9%, respectively, meanwhile low maternal education, and low family income were 57.9% and 75%. The prevalence of developmental delay was 10%, while suspected developmental delay was 26.1%. The prevalence increased from age 21 months and peaked at 36 months. Associated risk factors were low maternal education, low family income, underweight weight-for-age, stunted height-for-age, and microcephalic head circumference-for-age.

Conclusion Low education and low income were significant risk factors for growth and developmental delay.

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