Persistent Diarrhea: Possible Risk Factors in Indonesia
Abstract
From the management point of view, acute diarrhea in Indonesian children is not a big problem anymore. Persistent diarrhea, although the prevalence is less than 10% of acute diarrhea, hut the case fatality rate is about 5-7 times higher which is account for 30-50% of total diarrhea deaths.
There are many factors which may contribute to the etiologies of persistent diarrheas. They are among others the specific agents mainly the invasive bacterias (Galmonella spp, Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp, Enteroinvasive E. coli, etc.), Giardia Lamblia and E. histolytica; malnutrition, malabsorption syndromes, systemic infections mainly measles; and last but not least the missmanagement of acute diarrhea, particularly the abundance use of antibiotics and antidiarrheal agents, the late of giving food to the patients and the too early giving semisolid food in normal young baby less than 4-6 month of age.
References
2. Munir M. Protracted diarrhoea in infants and young children. A clinical evaluation with special reference to the role of infection. Paediatr. Indones. 1982; 22: 89-98.
3. Suharyono. Diare akut di Jakarta dan masalahnya. Jakarta : FKUI,. 1985. Disertasi.
4. Sudarsono B. Penyebab diare akut melanjut menjadi diare kronik. Jakarta : Bagian I.Kesehatan Anak FKUI, 1986. Tesis.
5. Soeparto P, MS Soebiyanto, H Nurasid. Prolonged diarrhoea following acute gastroenteritis. Paediatr. Indones 1982; 22: 83.
6. Sutanto AH, Rahayu S, Chairul Yul. Post-enteritis malabsorption. Presented at the VIIIth Periodical Scientific Meeting of the Coordinating Board for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Semarang, 1982.
7. Firmansyah A, Sunoto, Suharyono. Effect of malnutrition during different periods on the small intestine of the rat. Japan. J Exp Med 1989; 59 : 1 7.
8. Bell RG, KJ Turner, M Gracey, Suharyono, Sunoto. Serum and small intestinal immunoglobulin
levels in malnourished children. Am J clin Nutr 1976; 29 : 392 7 .
9. Sunoto. Aspek Imunologik Air Susu lbu. Dalam : Naskah Lengkap Simposium Peningkatan dan Penggunaan Air Susu lbu. Semarang, 1977.
10. Sunoto, Suharyono, J Manngiwa, Sutejo. Lactose intolerance in chronic diarrhoea among Indonesian children. Paediatr. Indones. 11 : 1 - 6 1971 special issue.
11. Sunoto, Su.haryono, CM Lembong, A Boediarso, Samsudin. I.aqose loading test on protein calorie malnutrition. Paediatr. Indones 1973; 13 : 43-8.
12. Mustadjab I, P Soeparto, Karyadi. Floating test (Rossipal) for screening patients with fat malabsorption. Paed.iatr. Indones. 1980; 20: 104-10.
13. Boediarso A, Suharyono, Sunoto. Incidence of Steatorrhoea in Indonesian children. Paediatr. Indones. 1977; 17: 6- 10.
14. Soeparto P, L Djupri H Nura.sid. Cow's milk protein sensitive enteropathy. Presented at the First Nasional Congress of the Indonesian Paediatric Gastroenterology Assosiation. Jakarta, 1981.
15. Sutjiningsih, P Soeparto, H Salim, D Hardjadinata, L Djupri. Cow's milk protein sensitive enteropathy in infant with chronic diarrhoea. Paediatr Indones 1982; 22 : 23- 31 .
16. Suharyono, Sunoto, A Damayanti, S Darmawan, DG Cottom. Small intestinal biopsy in protein calorie malnutrition and celiac children. Paediatr Indones 1971; 11 : 7- 15 .
17. Gracey M, Suharyono, Sunoto, DE Stone. Microbial contamination of the gut; another feature of malnutrition. AmJ clin Nutr 1973; 26: 1170-4;
18. Sahetapy P, B Swasono, S Masyid, L Djupri, P Soeparto. Giardiasis in children with chronic diarrhea and malnutrition. Presented at the VIIIth Scientific Meeting of the Coordinating Board for Paediatric Gastroenterology. Semacar JB, 1982.
19. Suhadi, Soeparto, Munginah PA, Ismangun, Nurhayatl S, S Musfirioh. Giardiasis in protein calorie malnutrition at Gajah Mada Hospital, Yogyakarta. Paediatr Indones 1980; 20: 7- 13 .
20. Sunoto, Suharyono, M Gracey. Gastrointestinal candidiasis in malnourished children with diarrhoea.
Paediatr lndones 1980; 20 : 177 - 29 .
21. Tuck S, V Burke, M Gracey, A Malajczuk, Sunoto. Defective candida killing ability in childhood malnutritlon. ArchDisChildh 1979; S4 : 445-7.
22. Sousa JS, AD Silva, VDS Ribeiro. Intractable diarrhoea of infancy and latent osteomastoiditls. Arch Dis'Childh 1980; 55 : 937- 40.
Copyright (c) 2019 Sunoto Sunoto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Published 2019-01-24
