Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Obesity in Elementary School Children
Keywords:
prevalence and influencing factors, obesity, elementary school children
Abstract
An observational, cross sectional study was conducted on elementary school students in Central Jakarta between May and October 1997. This preliminary study aimed to determine the prevalence and influencing factors of obesity in elementary school students. From 488 students studied, 47 were obese. The prevalence rate in this study was 9.6%, with boys twice as much as girls. Factors that influenced the incidence of obesity were: (1) age, (2) time of introduction of solid food during infancy, (3) eating habit, (4) calorie intake, and (5) physical activities. There were two factors that increased the incidence of obesity namely: (1) obesity of parents, and (2) birth weight. Environmental factors that increased the incidence of obesity were: (1) parent's occupation and (2) family income. Laboratory findings associated with obesity were: (1) increase blood cholesterol concentration, (2) increase blood triglyceride concentration, (3) decreased HDL cholesterol concentration, and (4) increased LDL cholesterol concentration. We conclude that the prevalence rate of obesity obtained in this study was higher compared with the previous studies, and that obesity in school children is influenced by many factors.
References
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Charney E, Goodman HC, McBride M. Childhood antecedents of adult obesity. Do chubby infants become obese adults? N Eng Med J Med 1976; 295:6-9.
Mossberg HO. 40 years follow-up of overweight children. Lancet 1989; 26:491-3.
Samsudin. Obesitas pada anak, penanggulangan dan pencegahannya. Presented at KONIKA Ke-X, Semarang, June 13-17, 1993.
Samsudin. Gizi lebih pada anak dan masalahnya. In: Rifai MA, Nontji A, Erwidodo, eds. Risalah widya karya pangan dan gizi V. Jakarta: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia; 1994. p. 397-409.
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Fong H. Fast food. In: Samsudin, Nasar SS, Sjarif DR. eds. Masalah gizi ganda dan tumbuh kembang anak. Naskah lengkap Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan Ilmu Kesehatan Anak XXXV; Jakarta 11-12 Agustus 1995. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara; 1995. p. 114-9
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Hambali SW. Aspek gizi dan lingkungan keluarga pada pasien obesitas di Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak. Tesis. Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesiana; 1991.
Dietz WH. Childhood obesity. In: Suskind RM, Lewinter-Suskind, eds. Textbook of pediatric nutrition. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1993. p. 279-84.
Bouchard C. Current understanding of the etiology of obesity: genetic and nongenetic factors. Am J Clin Nutr 1991: 53:1561s-5s.
Ravussin E, Swinburn BA. Pathophysiology of obesity. Lancet 1992; 340:404-8.
Dietz WH. Critical periods in childhood for the development of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59:955-9.
Brook CGD. Evidence for a sensitive period in adipose-cell replication in man. Lancet 1972; 23:624-7.
Faust IM. Adipose tissue growth and obesity. In: Falkner F, Tanner JM, penyunting. Human Growth, a comprehensive treatise. 2nd ed. New York: Plenum Press; 1986. p. 61-73
Susulic VS, Lowell BB Brown adipose tissue and the regulation of body fat stores. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 1996;3:44-50.
Smith SR. The endocrinology of obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996;25:921-41.
Sudiyanto. Tumbuh kembang anak. In: Marsetio M, Tjokronegoro A, eds. Membina anak dalam mencapai cita-citanya. Jakarta: BP FKUI; 1991. p. 1-13.
Alatas H, Karyomanggolo WT, Musa DA, Boediarso A, Oesman IN. Desain penelitian: pandangan umum. In: Satroasmoro S, lsmael S, eds. Dasar-dasar metodologi penelitian klinis. Jakarta: Binarupa, Aksara; 1995. p. 52-65.
Samsudin. Penilaian keadaan gizi dan pertumbuhan: cara, kegunaan, dan keterbatasannya. In: Samsudin, Nasar SS, Sjarif DR, eds. MasaJah gizi ganda dan tumbuh kembang anak. Naskah lengkap Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan Ilmu Kesehatan Anak XXXV; Jakarta 11-12 Agustus 1995. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara; 1995. p. 149-58.
Neumann CG. Obesity in pediatrics practice: obesity in preschool and school-age children. Pediatr Clin N Am 1977; 24:117-23.
Broussard BA, Johnson A, Himes JH, et al. Prevalence of obesity in American Indians and Alaska natives. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:5355-425.
Byers T. The epidemic of obesity in American Indians. AJDC 1992; 146:285-6.
Pudjiadi S. Ilmu gizi klinis pada anak. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 1993. p.139-47.
Tracey W, De NC, Harper JR. Obesity and respiratory infection in infants and young children. BMJ 1971; 1:16-18.
Gidding SS, Bao W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Effects of secular trends in obesity on coronary risk in children: the Bogalusa heart study. J Pediatr 1995; 127:868-74.
Bums TL, Moll PP, Lauer RM. Increased familial cardiovascular mortality in obese school children:
the Muscatin ponderosity family study. Pediatrics 1992; 89:262-8.
Rames LK, Clarke WR, Connor WE, et al. Normal blood pressure and the elevation of sustained
blood pressure elevation in childhood: the Muscatin study. Pediatrics 1978; 61:245-51.
Barness LA. Nutrition and nutritional disorder: Obesity. In: Behrman RE, ed. Nelson textbook of pediatric. 14th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1992. p. 133-4.
Moussa MAA, Skaik MB, Selwanes SB, et al. Contribution of body fat pattern to blood
pressure level in school children. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48:587-90.
Fomon SJ, Filer W, Thomas LN, Anderson TA; Nelson SE. Influence of formula concentration
on caloric intake and growth of normal infants. Acta Paediatr Scand 1975; 64:172-81.
Soedibjo S. Aspek gizi dari pada air susu ibu . In: Suharyono, Suradi R, Firmansyah A, eds. Air susu ibu, tinjauan dari beberapa aspek. Jakarta BP FKUI; 1992. p. 59-64.
Samsudin. Nukleotida dan peranannya dalam makanan bayi. Presented at Pertemuan Ilmiah Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI, Jakarta, September 21, 1994.
Agras WS, Kraemer HC, Berkowitz RI, Hammer LD. Influence of early feeding style on adiposity at 6 years of age. J Pediatr 1990; 116:805-9.
Agras WS, Kraemer HC, Berkowitz RI, Korner AF, Hammer LD. Does a vigorous feeding style influence early development of adiposity? J Pediatr 1987; 110:799-804.
Agung G, Nanny S, Anglingsari S. Gemuk lucu tapi merepotkan. Intisari 1997 May 1997; 177-91.
Dietz WH, Gortrnaker SL. Do we fatten our children at the television set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents. Pediatrics; 75:807- 12.
Barness LA, Dallman PR, Anderson H, et al. Nutritional aspects of obesity in infancy and childhood. Pediatrics 1981; 68:880-3.
Garrow JS. Treatment of obesity. Lancet 1992; 340:409-13.
Endo H, Takagi Y, Nozue T, et al. Beneficial effects of dietary intervention on serum lipid and apolipoprotein in obese children. AJDC 1992; 146:303-5.
Franklin BA, Rubenfire M. Losing weight through exercise. JAMA 1980; 244:377-9.
Sargowo D. Studi penelitian lipoprotein (a)=Lp (a) sebagai faktor risiko dan prediktor penyakit jantung koroner. J Kardiol Indon 1995; 20:121 -31.
Dwyer T. Hyperlipidemia in children. Hongkong J Paediatr 1995; 1:69-76.
Taitz LS, Obesity. In: McLaren OS, Burman D, Belton NR, Williams AT, eds. Textbook of paediatric nutrition. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1991. p. 485-509.
Pi-Sunyer FX. Obesity. In: Shils ME, Young VR, eds. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1988. p. 795-816.
Nasar SS. Obesitas pada anak: aspek klinis dan pencegahan. ln: Samsudin, Nasar SS, Sjarif DR, eds. Masalah gizi ganda dan tumbuh kembang anak. Naskah lengkap Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan llmu Kesehatan Anak XXXV: Jakarta 11-12 Agustus 1995. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara; 1995. p. 68-81.
Charney E, Goodman HC, McBride M. Childhood antecedents of adult obesity. Do chubby infants become obese adults? N Eng Med J Med 1976; 295:6-9.
Mossberg HO. 40 years follow-up of overweight children. Lancet 1989; 26:491-3.
Samsudin. Obesitas pada anak, penanggulangan dan pencegahannya. Presented at KONIKA Ke-X, Semarang, June 13-17, 1993.
Samsudin. Gizi lebih pada anak dan masalahnya. In: Rifai MA, Nontji A, Erwidodo, eds. Risalah widya karya pangan dan gizi V. Jakarta: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia; 1994. p. 397-409.
Samsudin. Masalah gizi ganda pada anak: suatu tantangan baru. In: Samsudin, Nasar SS, Sjarif DR, eds. Masalah gizi ganda dan tumbuh kembang anak. Naskah lengkap Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan Ilmu Kesehatan Anak XXXV; Jakarta 11-12 Agustus 1995. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara; 1995. p. 1-11.
Kartasasmita G. Masyarakata Indonesiana di tahun 2000: tantangan bagi pendidikan tinggi kesehatan. Presented at Dies Natalis ke-48 Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, April 4, 1997.
Fong H. Fast food. In: Samsudin, Nasar SS, Sjarif DR. eds. Masalah gizi ganda dan tumbuh kembang anak. Naskah lengkap Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan Ilmu Kesehatan Anak XXXV; Jakarta 11-12 Agustus 1995. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara; 1995. p. 114-9
Satoto. Komunikasi, informasi dan edukasi (KIE) gizi lebih sebagai bagian dari KIE gizi ganda. In: Rifai MA, Nontji A, Erwidodo, Jalal F, Fardiaz F, Fallah TS, eds. Risalah widya karya pangan dan gizi V; Jakarta 20-22 April 1993. Jakarta: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia; 1994. p. 562-75.
Hambali SW. Aspek gizi dan lingkungan keluarga pada pasien obesitas di Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak. Tesis. Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesiana; 1991.
Dietz WH. Childhood obesity. In: Suskind RM, Lewinter-Suskind, eds. Textbook of pediatric nutrition. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1993. p. 279-84.
Bouchard C. Current understanding of the etiology of obesity: genetic and nongenetic factors. Am J Clin Nutr 1991: 53:1561s-5s.
Ravussin E, Swinburn BA. Pathophysiology of obesity. Lancet 1992; 340:404-8.
Dietz WH. Critical periods in childhood for the development of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59:955-9.
Brook CGD. Evidence for a sensitive period in adipose-cell replication in man. Lancet 1972; 23:624-7.
Faust IM. Adipose tissue growth and obesity. In: Falkner F, Tanner JM, penyunting. Human Growth, a comprehensive treatise. 2nd ed. New York: Plenum Press; 1986. p. 61-73
Susulic VS, Lowell BB Brown adipose tissue and the regulation of body fat stores. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 1996;3:44-50.
Smith SR. The endocrinology of obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996;25:921-41.
Sudiyanto. Tumbuh kembang anak. In: Marsetio M, Tjokronegoro A, eds. Membina anak dalam mencapai cita-citanya. Jakarta: BP FKUI; 1991. p. 1-13.
Alatas H, Karyomanggolo WT, Musa DA, Boediarso A, Oesman IN. Desain penelitian: pandangan umum. In: Satroasmoro S, lsmael S, eds. Dasar-dasar metodologi penelitian klinis. Jakarta: Binarupa, Aksara; 1995. p. 52-65.
Samsudin. Penilaian keadaan gizi dan pertumbuhan: cara, kegunaan, dan keterbatasannya. In: Samsudin, Nasar SS, Sjarif DR, eds. MasaJah gizi ganda dan tumbuh kembang anak. Naskah lengkap Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan Ilmu Kesehatan Anak XXXV; Jakarta 11-12 Agustus 1995. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara; 1995. p. 149-58.
Neumann CG. Obesity in pediatrics practice: obesity in preschool and school-age children. Pediatr Clin N Am 1977; 24:117-23.
Broussard BA, Johnson A, Himes JH, et al. Prevalence of obesity in American Indians and Alaska natives. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:5355-425.
Byers T. The epidemic of obesity in American Indians. AJDC 1992; 146:285-6.
Pudjiadi S. Ilmu gizi klinis pada anak. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI; 1993. p.139-47.
Tracey W, De NC, Harper JR. Obesity and respiratory infection in infants and young children. BMJ 1971; 1:16-18.
Gidding SS, Bao W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Effects of secular trends in obesity on coronary risk in children: the Bogalusa heart study. J Pediatr 1995; 127:868-74.
Bums TL, Moll PP, Lauer RM. Increased familial cardiovascular mortality in obese school children:
the Muscatin ponderosity family study. Pediatrics 1992; 89:262-8.
Rames LK, Clarke WR, Connor WE, et al. Normal blood pressure and the elevation of sustained
blood pressure elevation in childhood: the Muscatin study. Pediatrics 1978; 61:245-51.
Barness LA. Nutrition and nutritional disorder: Obesity. In: Behrman RE, ed. Nelson textbook of pediatric. 14th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1992. p. 133-4.
Moussa MAA, Skaik MB, Selwanes SB, et al. Contribution of body fat pattern to blood
pressure level in school children. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48:587-90.
Fomon SJ, Filer W, Thomas LN, Anderson TA; Nelson SE. Influence of formula concentration
on caloric intake and growth of normal infants. Acta Paediatr Scand 1975; 64:172-81.
Soedibjo S. Aspek gizi dari pada air susu ibu . In: Suharyono, Suradi R, Firmansyah A, eds. Air susu ibu, tinjauan dari beberapa aspek. Jakarta BP FKUI; 1992. p. 59-64.
Samsudin. Nukleotida dan peranannya dalam makanan bayi. Presented at Pertemuan Ilmiah Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI, Jakarta, September 21, 1994.
Agras WS, Kraemer HC, Berkowitz RI, Hammer LD. Influence of early feeding style on adiposity at 6 years of age. J Pediatr 1990; 116:805-9.
Agras WS, Kraemer HC, Berkowitz RI, Korner AF, Hammer LD. Does a vigorous feeding style influence early development of adiposity? J Pediatr 1987; 110:799-804.
Agung G, Nanny S, Anglingsari S. Gemuk lucu tapi merepotkan. Intisari 1997 May 1997; 177-91.
Dietz WH, Gortrnaker SL. Do we fatten our children at the television set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents. Pediatrics; 75:807- 12.
Barness LA, Dallman PR, Anderson H, et al. Nutritional aspects of obesity in infancy and childhood. Pediatrics 1981; 68:880-3.
Garrow JS. Treatment of obesity. Lancet 1992; 340:409-13.
Endo H, Takagi Y, Nozue T, et al. Beneficial effects of dietary intervention on serum lipid and apolipoprotein in obese children. AJDC 1992; 146:303-5.
Franklin BA, Rubenfire M. Losing weight through exercise. JAMA 1980; 244:377-9.
Sargowo D. Studi penelitian lipoprotein (a)=Lp (a) sebagai faktor risiko dan prediktor penyakit jantung koroner. J Kardiol Indon 1995; 20:121 -31.
Dwyer T. Hyperlipidemia in children. Hongkong J Paediatr 1995; 1:69-76.
Published
2017-07-11
How to Cite
1.
Soedibjo S, Djer M, Firmansyah A. Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Obesity in Elementary School Children. PI [Internet]. 11Jul.2017 [cited 23Nov.2024];38(9-10):193-04. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/1569
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Received 2017-07-08
Accepted 2017-07-08
Published 2017-07-11
Accepted 2017-07-08
Published 2017-07-11
