Comparison of bone age in small-for-gestationalage children vs appropriate-for-getational-age children
Keywords:
Small-for-gestational-age, appropriate-for-gestational-age, bone age, growth retardation
Abstract
BackgroundAbout 10-15% small-for-gestational-age children are in higher risk for having linear growth retardation due to growth hormone-insulin like growth factor 1 axis defect (GH-IGF 1) which causes bone age delay.ObjectivesTo compare bone age in 24-36 month old children born small-for-gestational-age (SGA) to that in children born appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA).MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, from January to April 2009.Subjects consisted of50 healthy children of 24-36 months old (25 children born at term, SGA, 25 children born at term, AGA). We compared the appropriateness and delay of bone age between the two groups. ResultsMean bone age in the SGA group was 20.8 (SD 7.7) months, and in the AGA group was 25.7 (SD 7.1) months (P=0.022). Mean bone age deficit was -10.5 (6.5) months in the SGA group and -5.5 (SD 5.7) months in the AGA group (P=0.009). The prevalence ratio was 1.77 (95% CI: 1.19–2.62). Bone age delay was found to be higher in children born SGA than that in children of the other group (23 vs 13). On the contrary, appropriate bone age was found more in children born AGA (12 vs 2) (P=0.002).Conclusion Bone age delay in 24-36 months old children born small-for-gestational-age was found to be higher than in those born appropriate-for-gestational-age.References
1. Alkalay AL, Graham Jr JM, Pomerance JJ. Evaluation of neonates born with intrauterine growth retardation: review and practice guidelines. J Perinatol. 1998;18:142-51.2. Lee PA, Chernausek SD, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Czernichow P. International small for gestational age advisory board consensus development conference statement: management of short children born small for gestational age, April 24th-October 1st , 2001. Pediatrics. 2003;111:1253-61.3. Shalitin S, Lebenthal Y, Philip M. Children born small for gestational age: growth patterns, growth hormone treatment, and long-term sequelae. IMAJ. 2003;5:877-82.4. Hediger ML, Overpeck MD, Maurer KR, Kuczmarski RJ, McGlynn A. Growth of infants and young children born small or large for gestational age: findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152:1225-31.5.Indonesia Health Department. Indonesia Health Profile 2004. c2004[cited 2009 April 20th]. Available at: URL:http://depkes.go.id/en/downloads/Indonesia%Health%20 profile%202004.pdf6. Barker DJ, Osmond C, Forsen TJ, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG. Trajectories of growth among children who have coronary events as adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1802-9.7. Saenger P, Czernichow P, Hughes I, Reiter EO. Small for gestational age: short stature and beyond. EndocrineRev. 2007;28:219-51.8. Karlberg JP, Albertsson-Wikland K, Kwan EY, Lam BC, Low LC. The timing of early postnatal catch-up growth in normal, full-term infants born short for gestational age. Horm Res.1997;48:17-24.9.Hokken-Koelega AC, De Ridder MA, Lemmen RJ, Den Hartog H, De Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Drop SL.Children born small for gestational age: do they catch up?
Pediatr Res. 1995;38:267-71.10. Albertsson-Wikland K, Karlberg J. Postnatal growth of children born small for gestational age. Acta Pediatr Supp. 1997;423:193-5.11. Ong KL, Ahmed ML, Emmet PM, Preece MA, Dunger DB. Association between post-natal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. BrMed J. 2000;320:967-71.12. Karlberg J, Albertson-Wikland K. Growth in full-term small-for-gestational-age infants: from birth to final height. Pediatr Res. 1995;38:733-9.13. Leger J, Levy-Marchal C, Bloch J, Pinet A, Chevenne D, Porquet D, et al. Reduced final height and indications for insulin resistance in 20 year olds born small for gestational age: regional cohort study. Br Med J. 1997;315:341-7.14. De Zegher F, Francois I, Van Helvorit M, Van der Berghe G. Clinical review 89: small as fetus and short as child: from endogenous to exogenous growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2021-6.15. De Waal WJ, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Stijnen T, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SMPE, Drop SLS, and the Dutch group on growth hormone. Endogenous and stimulated GH secretion, urinary GH excretion, and plasma IGF-I and IGF-II levels in prepubertal children with short stature after intrauterine growth retardation. Clin Endocrinol. 1994;41:621-30. 16. Ackland FM, Stanhope R, Eyre C, Hamill G, Jones J, Preece MA. Physiological growth hormone secretion in children with short stature and intra-uterine growth retardation. Horm Res. 1998;349:47-52. 17. Albertson-Wikland K for the Swedish Paediatric Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment. Growth hormone secretion and growth hormone treatment in children with intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1989;349:35-41. 18. Rochiccioli P, Tauber M, Moisan V, Pienkowski C. Investigation of growth hormone secretion in patients with intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1989;349:42-6. 19. Arends NJT, Boonstra VH, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Head circumference and body proportions before and during growth hormone treatment in short children who were born small for gestational age. Pediatrics. 2004;114:683-90.20.Clayton PE, Cianfarani S, Czernichow P, Johannsson G, Rapaport R, Rogol A. Consensus statement: management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the international societies of pediatric endocrinology and the growth hormone research society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:804-10.21. Thureen PJ, Anderson MS, Hay WW. The small-for-gestational age infant. Neoreviews. 2001;2:e139-48.22.Wilkinson AR, Charlton VE, Phibbs RH, Amiel-Tison C. Examination of the newborn infant. In: Rudolph CD, Rudolph AM, editors. Rudolph’s pediatrics. 21st edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; p. 83-5.23.Hay WW. The small-for-gestational-age infant. In: RudolphCD, Rudolph AM, editors. Rudolph’s pediatrics. 21st edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; p. 119-24.24. Hediger ML, Overpeck MD, McGlynn A, Kuczmarski RJ, Maurer KR, Davis WW. Growth and fatness at three six years of age in children born small- or large-for-gestational-age. Pediatrics. 1999;104:1-6.25.StraussRS, Dietz WH. Growth and development of term children born with low birth weight:effects of genetic and environmental factors. J Pediatr. 1998;133:67-72.26. Clayton PE, Gill MS. Normal growth and its endocrine control. In: Brook CG, Hindmarsh PC, editors. Clinical pediatric endocrinology. 4th edition. London: Blackwell Science Company, 2001; p. 95-114. 27. Smith DW. Textbook of endocrinology. 4th edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1977. 28.Grimberg A, Leon DD. Disorders of growth. In: Moshang T, editor. Pediatric endocrinology, the requisites in pediatrics. 1st edition. St. Louis: Mosby Inc, 2005; p. 127-66.29.Styne D. Growth. In: Styne FS, Gardner DG, editors. Basic& clinical endocrinology. 6th edition. New York: Appleton & Lange, 1997; p. 163-200.30. Bishop YM, Fierberg SE. Discrete multivariate analysis. In: Light RS, editor. Theory and practical statistic. London: MIT Press. Cambridge, 1975; p. 397-8.31. Reiter EO, Rosenfeld RG. Normal and abberant growth. In:Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM,Melmed S, Polansky KS, editors. Williams textbook of endocrinology. 10th edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2003; p. 1003-114.32. ReiterEO, D’Ercole AJ. Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and growth. In: Rudolph CD, Rudolph AM, editors. Rudolph’s pediatrics. 21st edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; p. 2011-25. 33. Arends N, Johnston L, Hokken-Koelega A, van Duijin C, de Ridder M, Savage M, et al. Polymorphism in the IGF-1 gene: clinical relevance for short children born small for gestational age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2720-4.34. Johnston LB, Dahlgren J, Leger J, Gelander L, Savage MO, Czernichow P, et al. Association between insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) polymorphisms, circulating IGF-I, and pre- and postnatal growth in two European small for gestational age populations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4805-10.
35.Abuzzahab MJ, Schneider A, Goddard A, Grigorescu F, Lautier C, Keller E, et al. IGF-I receptor mutations resulting in intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2211-22.36. Brook CG. Growth assessment purpose and interpretation. In: Brook CG, Hindmarsh PC, editors. Clinical pediatric endocrinology. 4th edition. London: Blackwell Science Company, 2001; p. 115-23.
Pediatr Res. 1995;38:267-71.10. Albertsson-Wikland K, Karlberg J. Postnatal growth of children born small for gestational age. Acta Pediatr Supp. 1997;423:193-5.11. Ong KL, Ahmed ML, Emmet PM, Preece MA, Dunger DB. Association between post-natal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. BrMed J. 2000;320:967-71.12. Karlberg J, Albertson-Wikland K. Growth in full-term small-for-gestational-age infants: from birth to final height. Pediatr Res. 1995;38:733-9.13. Leger J, Levy-Marchal C, Bloch J, Pinet A, Chevenne D, Porquet D, et al. Reduced final height and indications for insulin resistance in 20 year olds born small for gestational age: regional cohort study. Br Med J. 1997;315:341-7.14. De Zegher F, Francois I, Van Helvorit M, Van der Berghe G. Clinical review 89: small as fetus and short as child: from endogenous to exogenous growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2021-6.15. De Waal WJ, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Stijnen T, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SMPE, Drop SLS, and the Dutch group on growth hormone. Endogenous and stimulated GH secretion, urinary GH excretion, and plasma IGF-I and IGF-II levels in prepubertal children with short stature after intrauterine growth retardation. Clin Endocrinol. 1994;41:621-30. 16. Ackland FM, Stanhope R, Eyre C, Hamill G, Jones J, Preece MA. Physiological growth hormone secretion in children with short stature and intra-uterine growth retardation. Horm Res. 1998;349:47-52. 17. Albertson-Wikland K for the Swedish Paediatric Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment. Growth hormone secretion and growth hormone treatment in children with intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1989;349:35-41. 18. Rochiccioli P, Tauber M, Moisan V, Pienkowski C. Investigation of growth hormone secretion in patients with intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1989;349:42-6. 19. Arends NJT, Boonstra VH, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Head circumference and body proportions before and during growth hormone treatment in short children who were born small for gestational age. Pediatrics. 2004;114:683-90.20.Clayton PE, Cianfarani S, Czernichow P, Johannsson G, Rapaport R, Rogol A. Consensus statement: management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the international societies of pediatric endocrinology and the growth hormone research society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:804-10.21. Thureen PJ, Anderson MS, Hay WW. The small-for-gestational age infant. Neoreviews. 2001;2:e139-48.22.Wilkinson AR, Charlton VE, Phibbs RH, Amiel-Tison C. Examination of the newborn infant. In: Rudolph CD, Rudolph AM, editors. Rudolph’s pediatrics. 21st edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; p. 83-5.23.Hay WW. The small-for-gestational-age infant. In: RudolphCD, Rudolph AM, editors. Rudolph’s pediatrics. 21st edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; p. 119-24.24. Hediger ML, Overpeck MD, McGlynn A, Kuczmarski RJ, Maurer KR, Davis WW. Growth and fatness at three six years of age in children born small- or large-for-gestational-age. Pediatrics. 1999;104:1-6.25.StraussRS, Dietz WH. Growth and development of term children born with low birth weight:effects of genetic and environmental factors. J Pediatr. 1998;133:67-72.26. Clayton PE, Gill MS. Normal growth and its endocrine control. In: Brook CG, Hindmarsh PC, editors. Clinical pediatric endocrinology. 4th edition. London: Blackwell Science Company, 2001; p. 95-114. 27. Smith DW. Textbook of endocrinology. 4th edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1977. 28.Grimberg A, Leon DD. Disorders of growth. In: Moshang T, editor. Pediatric endocrinology, the requisites in pediatrics. 1st edition. St. Louis: Mosby Inc, 2005; p. 127-66.29.Styne D. Growth. In: Styne FS, Gardner DG, editors. Basic& clinical endocrinology. 6th edition. New York: Appleton & Lange, 1997; p. 163-200.30. Bishop YM, Fierberg SE. Discrete multivariate analysis. In: Light RS, editor. Theory and practical statistic. London: MIT Press. Cambridge, 1975; p. 397-8.31. Reiter EO, Rosenfeld RG. Normal and abberant growth. In:Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM,Melmed S, Polansky KS, editors. Williams textbook of endocrinology. 10th edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2003; p. 1003-114.32. ReiterEO, D’Ercole AJ. Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and growth. In: Rudolph CD, Rudolph AM, editors. Rudolph’s pediatrics. 21st edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003; p. 2011-25. 33. Arends N, Johnston L, Hokken-Koelega A, van Duijin C, de Ridder M, Savage M, et al. Polymorphism in the IGF-1 gene: clinical relevance for short children born small for gestational age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2720-4.34. Johnston LB, Dahlgren J, Leger J, Gelander L, Savage MO, Czernichow P, et al. Association between insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) polymorphisms, circulating IGF-I, and pre- and postnatal growth in two European small for gestational age populations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4805-10.
35.Abuzzahab MJ, Schneider A, Goddard A, Grigorescu F, Lautier C, Keller E, et al. IGF-I receptor mutations resulting in intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2211-22.36. Brook CG. Growth assessment purpose and interpretation. In: Brook CG, Hindmarsh PC, editors. Clinical pediatric endocrinology. 4th edition. London: Blackwell Science Company, 2001; p. 115-23.
Published
2010-04-30
How to Cite
1.
Edward L, Effendi S, Setiabudi D. Comparison of bone age in small-for-gestationalage children vs appropriate-for-getational-age children. PI [Internet]. 30Apr.2010 [cited 22Nov.2024];50(2):73-. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/1209
Section
Articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Received 2017-01-27
Accepted 2017-01-27
Published 2010-04-30
Accepted 2017-01-27
Published 2010-04-30
