Risk factors for obesity in 6 to 12-year-old children
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background The causes of obesity in children are multifactorial, including genetics, physiology, metabolism, psychology, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and culture. Objective To assess for relationships between obesity in 6 to 12-year-old children and maternal nutritional status, maternal education, eating breakfast, eating fast food, physical activity, TV watching, and playing video games. Methods This case-control study included students of Sejahtera Public School aged 6 to 12 years. Questionnaires were distributed to their parents for data on maternal education, eating breakfast, eating fast food, physical activity, TV watching and playing video games. Maternal nutritional status was assessed by one of the researchers. Univariate analysis with Chi–square test was used to assess every risk factor. Those with a P value of <0.25 were subjected to multivariate analysis, performed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results From June to July 2013, 60 obese children and 60 wellnourished children, as a control group, were enrolled in the study. Obese mothers tended to have obese children [odds ratio/OR 252.48; 95%CI 33.4 to 1908.4]. Children who ate fast food 6–8 times/week, had low physical activity, and watched TV more than 8 hours/week had significantly higher risk for obesity [OR 12.94, 95%CI 1.7 to 100.7; and OR 266.94, 95% CI 7.8 to 9137.7; OR 21.44, 95%CI 2.68 to 171.61; respectively]. Maternal education, eating breakfast, and playing video games were not significant risk factors for childhood obesity. Conclusion Maternal obesity, eating fast food 6-8 times per week, low physical activity and watching TV more than 8 hours/ week are risk factors for childhood obesity.
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1.
Japutra A, Fadlyana E, Alam A. Risk factors for obesity in 6 to 12-year-old children. PI [Internet]. 1Mar.2015 [cited 16Jun.2019];55(1):35-. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/103
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Received 2016-07-12
Accepted 2016-07-12
Published 2015-03-01
Accepted 2016-07-12
Published 2015-03-01
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19. Al-Ghamdi SH. The association between watching television and obesity in children of school age in Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med. 2013;20:83–9.
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2. Jaballas E, Clark-Ott D, Clasen C, Stolf A, Urban M. Parents’ perceptions of their children’s weight, eating habits, and physical activities at home and at school. J Pediatr Health Care. 2011;25:294–301.
3. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS). Laporan Nasional. Badan penelitian dan pengembangan kesehatan. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI; 2010. p.17–48.
4. Bindler RM, Bruya MA. Evidence for identifying children at risk for being overweight, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes in primary care. J Pediatr Health Care. 2006;20:82–7.
5. Dietz WH, Gortmaker SL. Preventing obesity in children and adolescents. Annu Rev Public Health. 2001;22:337–53.
6. Guo SS, Roche AF, Chumlea WC, Gardner JD, Siervogel RM. The predictive value of childhood body mass index values for overweight at age 35 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59:810–9.
7. Nazarov, Zafar and Rendall, Michael S. Differences by mother’s education in the effect of childcare on child obesity (November 4, 2011). RAND Working Paper Series No. WR-890. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1979708 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1979708.
8. Subardja D. Obesitas primer pada anak: diagnosis, patogenesis, dan patofisiologi. Bandung: Kiblat; 2004. p.353–72.
9. Robert SB, Hoffman DJ. Energy and substrate regulation in obesity. In: Walker W, Watkins JB, Duggan C, editors. Nutrition in pediatric basic science and clinical applications. 3rd ed. London: BC Decker Inc.; 2003. p. 414–28.
10. Byrne LK, Cook KE, Skouteris H, Do M. Parental status and childhood obesity in Australia. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2005;29:170–5.
11. Vanelli M, Iovane B, Bernardini A, Chiari G, Errico M, Gelmetti C et al. Breakfast habits of 1,202 northern Italian children admitted to a summer sport school. Breakfast skipping is associated with overweight and obesity. Acta Biomed. 2005;76:79–85.
12. World Health Organization. Multicentre growth reference study. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.
13. Alemzadeh R, Rissing R, Lifshitz F. Obesity in children. In: Lifshitz F, editors. Pediatric endocrinology. 5th ed. Volume I. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2001. p.1–25.
14. Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, Seidel KD, Dietz WH. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:869–73.
15. Lazzeri G, Pammolli A, Pilato V, Gizcchi MV. Relationship between 8/9-yr-old school children BMI, parents’ BMI and educational level: a cross-sectional survey. Nutr J. 2011;10:76.
16. Poti JM, Duffey KJ, Popkin BM. The association of fast food consumption with poor dietary outcomes and obesity among children: is it the fast food or the remainder of diet? Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:162-71.
17. Sonneville KR, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman KP, Gortmaker SL, Gillman MW, Taveras EM. Associations of obesogenic behaviors in mothers and obese children participating in a randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20:1449–54.
18. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education. Media education. Pediatrics. 2010;126:1012–7.
19. Al-Ghamdi SH. The association between watching television and obesity in children of school age in Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med. 2013;20:83–9.
20. Kriemler S, Zahner L, Schindler C, Meyer U, Hartmann T, Hebestreit H, et al. Effect of school based physical activity programme (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in primary school children: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c785.